Abstract The paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its potential benefit to the United States, as well as to the remainder of the international community. The paper criticizes the Bush administration's opposition to the treaty, as it explains the faults of arguments raised by the ICC's opponents.
From the Paper "The prosecution of the most ruthless war criminals, it is widely agreed, is a worthy goal that all nations should pursue. A universal court, it seems, is based on the assumption that the prosecution of such abhorrent war criminals supercedes the value of national sovereignty, as all nations should be able to agree on crimes that are incompatible with the values of any civilization, nation-state, or any other tribal association. But during the years of the Cold War and the de-colonization processes reaching such a universally binding goal was not possible; with the end of the Cold War, the movement towards the creation of an international court began (Carter & Jackson 2002). While the crimes that the court should address are generally agreed on, other issues such as its effect on states? citizens throughout the globe turned out to be an obstacle that induced the United States, as well as a handful of other states, to oppose the jurisdiction of the court. While the US has legitimate concerns vis-?-vis the ICC, it is an imperative that American policymakers support the vision of a universal court and eventually act to ratify the American support."
Tags: criminal, foreign, international, justice, nations, policy, unilateralism, united, us, states, war, national, sovereignty, gloabal, universal
Abstract This paper introduces and discusses the Cold War. Specifically, it examines the various causes that led to and accentuated the Cold War and looks at its affect on modern scientific developments in arms and the space race. The Cold War led to developments in rocketry and science that have given rise to new technologies that the world uses every day.
From the Paper "The Cold War really began during the Second World War, when talk of post-war treaties between the United States, Great Britain, and Russia were put on hold until the war ended. "From early in 1942 the American Government had repeatedly proclaimed the principle that no final decisions on matters of postwar frontiers or systems of government should be made until the end of the war" (Graebner 5). "The growth of distrust and opposition between the United States (US) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) begins with Joseph Stalin's pre World War II behavior. The US and Great Britain provided war tactics and military hardware to Moscow but in return were rewarded with a veil of secrecy. As early as the Tehran conference (September 1943), Churchill confided to one of his staff that he considered Germany already finished; ?the real problem now is Russia''' (Kimball)."
A discussion of whether the attack at Pearl Harbor was due to the failure of the United States intelligence community to give sufficient correct information to government.
Abstract This paper examines the events surrounding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 in order to evaluate if the lack of forewarning was directly due to a failure on the side United States intelligence community to give sufficient, correct information to government as well as to the military decision-makers. It analyzes the different theories that have emerged and examines proof existing from official, public and private sources in an attempt to determine who was to blame.
From the Paper "Moreover, the processes of security, information assessment and diffusion, and intelligence management along with production were sternly flawed where the security affair restricted key information to some decision-makers, who for the most part, were not skilled as intelligence analysts. Thus, this corrupted the information assessment process as well as turned the intelligence community mainly into a collection agency. There was none within the government who had blame for conducting all source study, preparing a synchronized product, and make certain appropriate diffusion of information to the appropriate associations."
Tags: Japan, revisionist, historians, conspiracy, theories, world, war, II, hawaii
Focus on subjugation & victimization of women. Context in which sex industry developed incl. Vietnam War, emigration, demographics. History of sex trafficking of Southeast Asian women.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 7 sources, 2001, $ 31.95
From the Paper "Introduction
The sex industry in Thailand represents a major social problem in a developing part of the world and contributes to the continued subjugation of women in the region. The trade is fueled by young women migrating from rural to urban regions, often recruited for this very purpose, and also depends on the importation of women from rural regions in nearby countries, notably Burma. The trade has shifted much of the population, as might be expected, and so has also reduced the number of women agricultural workers remaining in rural regions.
Context
The Vietnam War has direct responsibility for the development of the sex industry in Thailand because during that conflict, U.S. troops used Thailand as a rest and recreation.."
From the Paper "Stephen E. Ambrose, in Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since 1938, argues that the foreign policy of the United States since before World War II and into the 1990s has been based on largely irrational factors, rather than on any coherent vision of global reality or this nation's proper place in that reality. Changes in presidents from Truman through Bush had minimal effect on the conduct of U.S. foreign policy, especially with respect to the number one goal of that policy---the containment of Soviet Communism. Containment as a policy became so increasingly entrenched through the Truman and succeeding administrations that it carried the strength of an addiction for the leadership of the country. The very basis of U.S. foreign policy in this period was the ideology of the Cold War which saw the world controlled by two forces---the U.S. and its evil enemy.."
Abstract This paper examines Diplomacy by Henry A. Kissinger. The plan of the research will be to set forth the theme of and pattern of ideas in the book and then to discuss the style, emphasis, sources, organization, bias of the author, and other features that comprise the means by which the theme is elaborated, as well as Kissinger's career
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine Diplomacy by Henry A. Kissinger. The plan of the research will be to set forth the theme of and pattern of ideas in the book and then to discuss the style, emphasis, sources, organization, bias of the author, and other features that comprise the means by which the theme is elaborated, as well as Kissinger's career--all with a view toward providing an evaluation of the contributions it makes to an understanding of the subjects it undertakes.
The theme of Diplomacy has a double perspective, one historical and the other critical. From one point of view, it is a historical survey of some three hundred years worth of international relations in and among the nation-states of Europe and the United States. The survey seems partly meant to show that certain problems now being faced by the West have roots as far back as .."
An analysis of foreign policy decisions, diplomacy and military events leading up to, during and after the 1990-91 war between the Western allies and Iraq.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, 2000, $ 71.95
From the Paper "This research paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war.
The Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened. American foreign policy, because it sought to maintain a balance between Iraqi and Iranian power in the region, sent Iraq mixed signals which failed to deter the invasion, but many other factors lay behind Saddam Hussein's decision to invade. Thereafter, the United States effectively built up its forces in..."
Abstract In looking at the risks of a U.S. war with Iraq, this paper discusses the increase in the threat to national security, the destabilizatiuon of world peace and the violation of democratic principles. The author draws the conclusion that America would be violating each and every principle that it claims to uphold if it chooses to go to war with Iraq.
Outline
1. An increase in the threat to national security.
a. Mercenary and fundamentalist factions in Afghanistan that once followed U.S. wishes turned against the U.S. post the Gulf War against Iraq, ultimately leading to September 11, 2001.
b. Rise in anti-American sentiment
i. Questions over U.S. rhetoric and double standards such as categorizing Iraq and Iran as belonging to the ?axis of evil,? but continuing to turn a blind eye to terrorist activity in Pakistan within its own borders and in Kashmir.
2. Destabilization of world peace
a. U.S. action against Iraq could lead to further destabilization of the entire Middle East region, as opined by many leading experts.
b. Breakdown of international arms non-proliferation and disarmament efforts since U.S. preemptive action will lend further justification to countries of different ideological leanings to arm themselves in the interests of national self-defense.
3. Violation of democratic principles
a. The right of the people of each country to choose their preferred course of action and if so desired overthrow their own government, which has been exercised time and again in world history
i. Our own struggle to break away from British Imperialism
ii. India's freedom of struggle against the British using non-violent principles and forms of rebellion.
iii. The increasing fall in U.S. public opinion
b. A war against an already deprived and suffering nation raises questions about humanitarian principles.
4. In conclusion, we will be violating each and every principle that we claim to uphold if we choose to go to war with Iraq.
From the Paper "I don?t think anyone in the free world doubts that Saddam Hussein is a "threat" to international peace. However, any military action is likely to be risky and self-defeating at this point in time. To start with, any U.S. action against Iraq and that too, without support from the UN and the international community is likely to endanger and not protect national security. For after all, let's not forget and let's face upto the fact that Osama was, in many ways, a creation of the U.S., who brought together a combination of communal factions and mercenaries in Afghanistan during the years of the Cold War, on the platform of anti-communism and ?jehad.? Post the end of the Cold War, however, various interested factions in the Islamic world continued to use Afghanistan and the very same U.S. creations of jehadis to spread Islamic fundamentalism."
Abstract This paper compares the trend of capitalism in the late 19th - early 20th century with the trend of globalization today. It explains that globalization of the world economy has the potential to bring both great benefit and great hardship to third world populations, but like capitalism, globalization without proper checks and balances could become a runaway force, knowing no moral or ethical boundaries. The potential harms and benefits are listed, showing that in moderation, all these factors need not be a threat to the third world.
From the Paper "But globalization is not a term that is merely descriptive. Worldwide, as many people are taking an active stance against the globalization process as there are working toward it. Coalescing from a variety of sources, pro- and anti-globalization forces are beginning to take on the same impassioned polarization that dominated the debate between capitalism and communism in the early 20th century. Interestingly, each side in this debate relies heavily on examples from the Third World to make its case. The proponents of globalization cite a myriad of benefits to be gained by underdeveloped countries though greater access to the goods and services that transnational companies can provide. Anti-globalization activists, on the other hand, point to many examples in the developing world where globalization has robbed indigenous populations of traditionally held land or water rights, disrupted cultural and social values, and disturbed lifestyles. "
Tags: world, power, multinational, dictator, poor, development, UN, WTO, IMF
This paper examines the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War and argues that Cold War imperatives more than national security led to U.S. this involvement.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, 1990, $ 87.95
From the Paper "This study will examine the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War. The study will consider whether the national interest or Cold War imperatives primarily inspired American involvement in that war, and will argue that Cold War imperatives far more than any true national security interests were responsible for the involvement. The word "imperatives" should be first defined, however. An imperative implies that the United States had no choice but to engage in war in Vietnam, as if the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union (with Communist China thrown in for good measure) required that the United States involve itself in Vietnam to guard against, for example, a collapse into the Communist camp of every nation in Southeast Asia.
In fact, the United States became involved in Vietnam ... "
This paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 focusing on the decision.making process which led to the crisis, U.S. foreign policy and an assessment of the crisis some three decades later.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, 1991, $ 47.95
From the Paper This paper will provide a basic overview of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. It will focus on the decision.making process which led to the crisis, U.S. foreign policy, and an assessment of the crisis some three decades later.
Over the past decade, numerous previously classified documents have come to light regarding the events that led up to, took place during and after, and precipitated the 1962 Cuban missile crisis. Commentary in the United States has focused almost entirely on the American experience of the event and the lessons learned, or which should have been learned, from the event. "In addition, the main reason so much attention has been given to the crisis is that it has rightly been regarded as the most intensive, dangerous, and climactic crisis of the cold war, and has thus become a unique historical source for the study of ... "
Discusses the Korean War, the first major test of the post-war, soon to be called Cold War, period, examining the background to the war, the war itself and the American role.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, 1993, $ 31.95
Introduction
Although World War II ended in 1945, the aftermath of the war included continuing skirmishes with the Soviet Union, primarily through its surrogates, in both Europe and Asia. The Korean War was one of the more visible of those fights, and it led to a stalemate that continues to this day.
Background to the Struggle
Although the war did not actually begin until June of 1950, the circumstances that led to it began long before. By the mid.1940s, Goncharov et al. (1993) reported that Kim Il Sung was already determined that Korea would be unified, and that it had to be unified by force. At that time, Kim was training in the ..."
Discusses the obstacles to a women's advance in business. Examines reasons, types, biases, career vs. family, affirmative action, lawsuits and corporate reform.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 9 sources, 1995, $ 79.95
From the Paper "Introduction
The "glass ceiling" is a level above which it is difficult for women to move in an organization. It can refer to a management level, salary level or level of responsibility or authority, but the glass ceiling is of concern to women who choose to move in the business world. This research examines the characteristics of the glass ceiling, the factors that have led to its creation, what organizations are doing to combat the glass ceiling, and what individuals who encounter the glass ceiling can do.
Characteristics of the Glass Ceiling
The glass ceiling inhibits the upward movement of women in an organization. While legislation regarding discrimination based on gender prevents overt discrimination, subtle measures have been found to exist ..."
Abstract This paper elaborates on Islam and its religious politcal history for the past 100 years, including the later part of this century. It offers some insights into what may have given rise to what is now known today as Islamic fundamentalism.
From the Paper "While the roots of political Islam can be traced back to the time of Mohammed, the real impact of Islam as a political ideal came about with the Iranian revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini. The new brand of political Islam that Khomeini brought to Iran was a new, more militant Islam than the world had previously been exposed to. During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Islam was spread as the ideal religion, however, there was room for both branches of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, to practice. There was also a place for Christians and Jews, although it was on the second class level. However, Khomeini's brand of religious zealotry was harsh and dictatorially strict."
Tags: Ayatollah, east, fanaticism, Islam, Muslim, politics, religious
Abstract This paper addresses the various issues on the top of public debate regarding the introduction of the Euro as a replacement for the current British currency of pounds. It present arguments for and againsts its introduction and examines Prime Minister Blair's position on the issue. It explains Blair's "five economic tests" conditions that the Euro needs to pass before being introduced in Britain. It discusses how public opinions change according to social classes and concludes with a discussion on Britain's general attitude towards Europe.
From the Paper "Whether to adopt the euro is a controversial issue in Great Britain. Public opinion sways on the subject, based on national economic and political concerns, as well as international developments. The centrist Tony Blair has cautiously backed the adoption of the Euro, but he continues to face significant opposition, from within his own Labor Party as well as from the opposition Conservative Party. While some in Great Britain support adopting the euro, many feel that adopting the currency would not be in the country's best interest. Some feel simply that they would lose control of their economy, and consequently, their country. Others frame the argument in terms of a larger criticism of the European Union, which is often portrayed as overly bureaucratic by the British media. There are, of course, those who support the Euro, citing the long term political and economic benefits for Europe as a whole, in which Great Britain would share. And, of course, there are those who simply are not sure?a significant portion of the population."
