Abstract This paper looks at many aspects of the euro vs. the American dollar issue. The paper looks at the strength of the euro in proportion to the dollar, the benefits and disadvantages to both Europe and the U.S. of a strong euro or a strong dollar, and the possible future of both the euro and the American dollar.
From the Paper "In today's modern market, two currencies stand out, those of the United States dollar and the Euro. Until recently, the dollar was considered the strongest currency and the default currency for the world (Landler, May 18, 2003). Yet with Euro gaining considerable ground in many countries, the future of both the euro and the dollar is undecided."
Abstract This paper examines how, in 1994, the U.S., Mexico, and Canada signed a treaty that would foster the abuse and neglect of people, the environment, and culture of the North Americans and how it called for all barriers on goods and services between the countries of North America to be phased out by 2009. It shows how, on one hand, this meant a business could move to Mexico, where people who had been out of work for years would work in squalid conditions for next to nothing, and how it also meant laying off hundreds of thousands of hard-working American workers. The paper attempts to demonstrate that NAFTA is detrimental to both U.S. and Mexican economies because it enables the exportation of U.S. jobs and mistreatment of Mexican workers.
Outline
Background
Chronology
NAFTA's Downside
The Positive Side to NAFTA
Personal View
Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper "NAFTA has shown no increase to the Mexican economy though much pollution has been linked to it. There are currently 1,900 malquidoras in Mexico. Studies conducted along the border have shown that large amounts of the pollution can be attributed to raw sewage and wood smoke produced by these factories. Of these 1,900 malquidoras 1,000 produce hazardous waste. Only 30% of these comply with Mexican environmental codes and merely 19% dispose of their toxic waste properly (Donahue). Much of this is inhibited by the Mexican government's lack of enforcement on the low regulations they have (Lowenstein)."
Abstract This paper presents a timeline of events and conceptual analysis of the events leading up to the genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994. The paper examines causes of, as well as events which occurred during the genocide. It also looks at the reaction of the international community and what can be done in the future to prevent such a tragedy happening again.
From the Paper "Many of the early requests and pleas for help were denied. There
was a peacekeeping force in Rwanda called the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda, but when Force Commander General
Dallaire became aware of the genocide and asked for soldiers and
logistical support, the UN Security Council refused and voted to
reduce UNAMIR down to 260 men. The international community did not
believe that they had any place or any reason to help in Rwanda.
Senator Robert Dole stated, "I don't think we have any national
interest here. I hope we don't get involved there." This was the
thought process of many government officials at this point."
Abstract This paper explains that over 500 detainees from countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan have been brought to the U.S. military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba by the U.S. government under the assumption that they are dangerous terrorists and a threat to the United States. The author points out that (1) they were brought to Cuba because it is not U.S. soil thus the military can deny them the rights guaranteed under the United States Constitution, such as due process, independent counsel and a speedy trial, and (2) they do not even have rights under the Geneva Convention since the U.S. has not declared them prisoners of war, instead labeling them "enemy combatants". The paper contends that the fallout from this situation at Guantanamo Bay has been that the world now sees the U.S. as a hypocrite following constitutional rights only when it is in the country's best interests.
Table of Contents
Constitutional Amendments of the United States of America
Introduction
Justice for All
Convenience of the "Enemy Combatants" Label
What's Going on at Guantanamo Bay?
The Abused as Abusers
International Quagmire
Crusade for National Security
The End is Near?
From the Paper "There are even conflicting reports from the same agency. The Red Cross released a report in 2002 stating that there was no torture going on at Guantanamo and then later did an about-face and condemned the treatment of those same prisoners (Cole). Some prisoners who were released talked about physical and mental torture, being isolated for months at a time, being led around with a dog collar, being attacked by dogs, having to wear women's clothing and of being subjected to the desecration of the Quran in front of them (having pages ripped out and flushed down the toilet). Many of these "tortures" have been confirmed by the US government, namely the FBI (Ardiente), with a shrug and grin, as if they are a practice so common (or relatively innocuous compared to what else they might do) that they are confused as to why anyone would be upset by them."
Tags: constitution, denial, enemy-combatants, hypocrite, muslim
From the Paper "February 8, 1996 President Clinton signed into law the ?Telecommunications Act of 1996?, thereby putting in place the most significant changes in US telecommunications laws in over 60 years (Knauer, Lynch, Machtley 1). The reasoning behind the ?Telecommunications Act of 1996? is that people want simplicity in everyday life and it is no different in the world of telecommunications. Telecommunications companies are beginning to provide it all to their customers, providing not just phone service, but services for every telecommunications need imaginable. This trend for telecommunication companies to become "total communication providers" is directly related to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which was enacted to foster competition in the local telephone market.(Buckley 1). This law opened the way for telecommunication providers everywhere to offer more to their customers."
Abstract This term paper discusses the benefits & drawbacks of nuclear proliferation and how it can increase or decrease the security dilemma. It shows the main concern that lies at the heart of the issue of nuclear proliferation to be the security of states.
From the Paper "Nuclear proliferation, or the spread of nuclear weapons, occurs in two ways: vertically and horizontally. Vertical proliferation occurs at a time when a country already owning nuclear weapons increases the size of its arsenals. However, the main fear lies with horizontal proliferation. Horizontal proliferation involves the spread of nuclear weapons to currently non-nuclear states. Some fear that if non-nuclear states acquire arms, it results in decreased security for all states. Others argue that if all states possess arms then the fear of a nuclear war deters states from using their nuclear weapons for offensive purposes. The question most often associated with the debate of nuclear proliferation states: Does nuclear proliferation increase or decrease the security of states? This question, commonly known as the security dilemma, lies at the heart of this issue. Opponents of nuclear proliferation claim that the emergence of new nuclear states decreases security because new nuclear states come in hostile pairs, have governments and societies that are not well rooted, and increase the likelihood of nuclear accidents and terrorist thefts of nuclear weapons. Proponents of nuclear proliferation state that the emergence of new nuclear states increases security because new nuclear states alter the dynamics of arms races and deterrent balances are inherently stable."
Tags: arms, cold, dilemma, nuclear, proliferation, race, security, war
Abstract Argumentative paper on whether the U.S. should be dropping food into the country of Afghanistan while at the same time bombing the country. The author argues that because the United States government is at war with the Taliban, there should be no good will gestures of dropping food over Afghanistan.
From the Paper "On September 11 an unforgettable tragedy happened to the United States of America. A group of terrorist, whose alleged leader is hiding in Afghanistan, crashed two airplanes into the World Trade Centers, and one into the Pentagon. The United States is now in the process of retaliating against the Taliban by bombing the government, yet at the same time the U.S. is also dropping food for the people of Afghanistan."
Tags: aid, bombing, government, poverty, starvation, states, strikes, taliban, tragedy, united, war
Abstract This paper explains the origins of hatred in the Middle East linking it to the U.S. Foreign Policy. The author cites examples of US involvement in the region -- emphasizing the US's bias towards Israel over its neighboring countries, Jordan, Egypt etc.
From the Paper "It is said that U.S. Foreign Policy is to blame for widespread anti-Americanism in the Middle Eastern nations and regions. Major policy critics and politicians for instance Zunes, Chomsky, Telhami, and Blum brought up many important issues that are directly linked to the foreign policy. Political and military actions taken by the United States in the past raised much disapproval and hate in the Muslim world population and planted a cause for the formation of Islamic extremist groups and their followers."
Abstract This paper attempts to estimate what the real total economic cost of the Vietnam War was to the United States. The paper concludes that a reasonable estimate of the economic impact of the Vietnam War on the American economy is that an entire year's worth of productive activity was used to fight the war.
From the Paper "The Vietnam War was the defining experience for a generation of Americans. Indeed, it is arguably one of the defining experiences of America as a whole in the Twentieth Century. Its impact on the men who fought there, the men (and women) who did not, the American military in general, American society and popular culture during and following the war has been well documented. However, it was not just a life changing experience for soldiers and protestors, or a force for social change, or even an inspiration for thousands of books and dozens of movies. War is not least an economic event. In addition to being a military defeat, a political blunder and a human tragedy, the Vietnam War was also an economic disaster."
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
Abstract This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper "We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
Tags: Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention
Abstract The writer of this paper claims that the 1994 Rwandan genocide of 800 000 people was preventable. The paper shows how during the affair, the UN appeared disorganized and lacked any initiative and the author recounts chains of events and also the results of the UN's actions (or inaction).
From the Paper "In 1994, from April 6 until June 14, one of worse and deadliest massacres of the 20th century occurred in Rwanda. These bloody two months, triggered by the mysterious assassination of Rwandan President Habyarimana, resulted in the murders of 800,000 people (approximately 6 people per minute). Despite these outrageous figures, the international community reacted in an extremely slow manner. The huge death toll of this genocide could have been prevented if various countries and international organizations had not allowed personal politics hold them back."
Tags: 25, dallaire, decision, directive, genocide, hutu, nations, peacekeeping, presidential, romeo, rwanda, tutsi, un, unamir, united
Abstract This paper discusses the NAFTA trade agreement which removed most barriers to investment in between Canada, the United States and Mexico. It studies the positive and negative effects of this agreement from the point of view of each of the three countries involved. It analyzes several sources on this issue including excerpts of speeches by world leaders. The author concludes that the verdict on this agreement, if it is good or bad for the region, has yet to be seen.
From the Paper "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect January 1, 1994. The North American Free Trade Agreement allows US companies to sell their goods in Mexico tariff-free. It also allows Mexicans to set up low-wage factories to produce their goods to sell in the United States duty free. [Dowling, 1996]. This agreement removed most barriers to investment in between Canada, the United States and Mexico. Its intention was to boost the economies of all three countries by expanding their potential markets and allowing them to take advantage of what each of the other two countries had to offer. Since its adoption, its effects have been debatable, especially concerning safety and environmental issues in the United States and the effect on the Mexican Peso."
The communication between leaders during the Cuban missile crisis with special attention to JFK's decisions on how to determine the best approach to handling the outbreak of nuclear war are examined in this paper.
Abstract A detailed summary of the motivation causing Cuba and Russia to provoke this situation; including a day by day summarized narration of President John F. Kennedy's actions as well as Khrushchev's plans. This paper presents exclusive quotes of men on both sides of this potential nuclear war.
From the Paper "The start of the first nuclear war seemed inevitable as the interactions between the United States, Russia, and Cuba became hostile. The cold war had been going on for a few years before the missile crisis in October of 1962. After WWII America's relationship with the communist Russia was deteriorating, and problems with Cuba's dictatorship, lead by Fidel Castro, were becoming worst. The race for nuclear weapons was as important as ever, and because Russia feared the United States were too far ahead, they altered their strategy and made a bold move to construct offensive missiles in Cuba, 90 miles off the Florida shore, without telling anyone. Nikita Khrushchev was the current Premier of the Soviet Union and presented his plan to Castro who couldn?t turn down the offer. Castro knew that the USA were still attempting to override his dictatorship and had already been threatened by the "Bay of Pigs" unsuccessful invasion that happened less then 2 years previously. The Soviet Union began to ship missiles and equipment along with troops to Cuba, and in October of 1962, the "Cuban Missile Crisis" would begin."
Tags: castro, fidel, john, kennedy, khrushchev, missile, nuclear, war, cuba
Abstract This paper attempts to find a solution to the Israel-Palestinian conflict. It covers these areas:
The Issue
Background to the Tensions and the Present State of the Conflict:
Justification for Continued Israeli Occupation
Past US Role in the Israeli Palestine Conflict
Possible Reasons for the American Administration's Current Inaction
Saudi Peace Plan
Recent UN Resolution
A Proposal to Resolve the Problem
From the Paper "As violence escalates in Palestine, the intractable problem becomes even more intractable. Intense fighting between Israelis and Palestinians, the most intense inside the borders of the former Palestine since Israel's creation in 1948, are claiming a daily toll in double digits. Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's increasingly tough tactics are exacerbating the conflict. A war of attrition is going on that has the potential to escalate into an all out regional war."
Tags: sharon, arafat, america, arab, intifada, oslo, accord, terrorism, middle, east, peacemaking, un
Abstract The paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 which is widely regarded as the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. The paper shows that the successful resolution of the crisis led to an immediate improvement in relationship between the superpowers, and focused the world's attention on the issues surrounding nuclear capability and deterrence, as well as led to the development of a new method of "crisis management" known as brinkmanship - a diplomatic theory, which involves using the threat of war in order to coerce an opponent into backing down.
From the Paper "In a wider sense, however, the overriding legacy of the crisis was to alert the world to the ever-present, and immediate, threat of nuclear war. This realization led the superpowers, and other nations, to reevaluate their policies of nuclear deterrence in the hope of learning how to avoid such a potentially disastrous situation happening again. The significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis is perhaps best highlighted in the words of President Kennedy's national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy, who declared that, "having come so close to the edge we must make it our business not to pass this way again" (462)".
