From the Paper
"This research examines Cold War culture, in which the issue of public image, or perception, of geopolitical rivals and allies and their adherents surfaced as a recurring theme throughout the last half of the 20th century. The research will consider ways in which commentators and artists, via public statements, the public discourse, and such media as television and film, treated the question of image in that period, with a view toward identifying reasons that perception was so important to so many as well as evaluating the weight that Cold War-context presentation carried in shaping the culture of the time.
The generation that witnessed and participated in World War II was shocked to learn afterward that some 12 million people--6 million of them Jews--had been murdered, not collaterally but before and in parallel with the shooting war in Europe, as a ..."

From the Paper
"Prior to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on America, there were three other terrorist attacks using weapons of mass destruction (WMD): the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center by Muslim extremists, the 1995 sarin nerve gassing by the Aum Shinnkyo sect on Tokyo subway commuters and the 1995 bombing of a federal building in Oklahoma City by a domestic radical right group. In response, government at all levels significantly increased preparations for future such attacks. In January 1997, then Secretary of Defense (SecDef) William Cohen described terrorist-inspired WMD attacks "the greatest threat any of us will face in coming years" (USAWC, 2000, September, p. 99). According to Stanton (2001, February), the federal..."

Tags: military

From the Paper
"This research paper examines the policy alternatives facing Japan as it seeks to redefine its national security policy in the post-cold war environment and analyzes the factors which have in the past and may in the future influence its direction. Since the end of World War II, Japan has become an economic superpower, but its physical security as a nation has been largely dependent on the protection of American military power. Recently, Japan has become more assertive in world affairs and has strengthened its own military capabilities. The domestic economic difficulties and political instability of the 1990s have led to a period of strategic indecision in Japan. The future direction of Japanese national security policy will be affected by a number of factors, the most important of which are Japanese traditions, Japan's..."

From the Paper
"This research develops a design to test an hypothesis related to the effects on relations between the great powers of the conclusion of the ?Cold War.? The findings of this research are presented within the contexts of (1) hypothesis formulation, (2) independent variables and justifications for their use, (3) research design, and (4) predictions of the outcomes of testing the hypothesis.

Research Hypothesis
The end of the "Cold War" also marked an end to the bipolar character of international relations that existed for 50 years (Hyland, 1990, p. 5). During this 50 year period, international relations was..."

From the Paper
"The United Nations deals with human rights questions either through the use of "preventive diplomacy" and "public pressure" or, more rarely, through direct intervention (Boutros-Ghali 912). Increasingly, however, it has become difficult in many cases to separate the protection of human rights from either direct military intervention or from missions to provide humanitarian aid. UN interventions take place where there is a very serious need for humanitarian aid (as in the recent mission to Somalia) or a need for an outside force to broker peace and keep ceasefires in place (as in the current intervention in Bosnia). The UN does not directly intervene in most cases where a sovereign state is engaged in the regular, daily violation of the rights of its citizens. in those cases the UN works from outside by attempting to provide aid, relief and education, by imposing..."

From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and evaluates the policies pursued by the Reagan Administration during the war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988). The basic policy of the United States during that period was to maintain a balance of power in the Middle East which after 1982 resulted in a decided tilt of the United States to support of Iraq. That policy served American interests well during the war, except for one glaring inconsistency, the administration's abortive attempts to arrange arms for hostages deals with Iran which backfired and led to the Irangate controversy. The continuation of an accommodating policy toward Iraq after the end of the war is more controversial and led to the Gulf War, but President George Bush not President Ronald Reagan, must bear responsibility for not adapting policy..."

From the Paper
"This research examines the meat products trade between the European Community (EC) and the United States (US). Both red-meat and poultry meat products are included in this examination. One focal point of this examination concerns the effects of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the treaty establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO) likely will have on the meat products trade between the EC and the US.

The 1988-1990 Period
The most serious and long-running dispute between the EC and the US in relation to meat products trade involves the EU ban on the importation of meat products produced from animals that have ..."

From the Paper
"The doctrine of containment of the Soviet Union, first set forth in detail in a celebrated article by George Kennan in the late 1940s, was the essential strategy of the United States during the Cold War era. In its most essential terms, containment as a doctrine argued that an ultimate confrontation with the Soviet Union was neither inevitable nor necessary; that if the United States and its allies could hold their ground and buy time, that would in the end be sufficient.

Events, indeed, have borne out Kennan's argument. Well into the 1980s, the Cold War still appeared as though it might persist indefinitely. But from 1985 on, the Soviet system collapsed from its own internal tensions, nearly bloodlessly and indeed all but effortlessly. A final confrontation did indeed prove unnecessary; containment succeed in its objectives, albeit after.."

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the trends which have driven the foreign policy of the United States towards Cuba. The main emphasis of discussion will be the changes in policy which have taken place during the administration of President Bill Clinton. However, the first part of the paper will briefly discuss the origins of the policy during the Cold War.
The foreign policy of the United States towards Cuba has changed little since 1961. U.S. leaders have felt that Cuba was a "special case" in terms of foreign policy ever since U.S. military force ended Spain's control over the island in 1898. Until 1934, U.S. law permitted intervention in Cuban affairs; after 1934, U.S. capital controlled most of the Cuban economy. The revolution led by Fidel Castro in 1959 tapped into strong anti-American ..."

Abstract
Examines U.S. interests in the region and the current American policy and proposes improved regional strategy.

From the Paper
"United States Strategic Appraisal for Asia-Pacific

This paper will formulate a regional strategic appraisal for the United States in the Asia-Pacific region. The first part of the paper will exam the U.S. interests in this region, briefly describing the vital and important interests which must drive U.S. regional strategy. The second part of the paper will discuss current U.S. policy in the Asia-Pacific as it relates to the stated interests. The third part of the paper will propose a regional strategy designed to best further these interests.

U.S. Interests in the Asia-Pacific Region
Vital Interests
There are three vital United States interests in the Asia-Pacific region: (1) open access to economic markets; (2) a region free from domination by a single power or power bloc; and (3) ..."

Abstract
Immigration has been on the American national agenda for some time, with many complaining that immigration is out of hand and that limitations on immigration are needed. One issue is whether too many people are coming from certain regions of the world, or whether those who are coming are sufficiently prepared to take their place in the American economic system.

From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION

Immigration has been on the American national agenda for some time, with many complaining that immigration is out of hand and that limitations on immigration are needed. One issue is whether too many people are coming from certain regions of the world, or whether those who are coming are sufficiently prepared to take their place in the American economic system. Internationally, the immigration picture is even more difficult, with many immigrants moving from one place to another to escape war, persecution, and economic devastation. Immigration is usually treated as a political issue, certainly a domestic political issue for the country receiving large numbers of refugees or immigrants, but also as an international political issue because it affects how contiguous countries behave toward one another. Immigration ..."

Abstract
The Iranian revolution of 1979 had its roots in long-standing dissatisfaction with the ruling Persian royal house, economic dislocation, rapid cultural and historical change, the regional position that the country held and its relationship with the West.

From the Paper
The Iranian revolution of 1979 had its roots in long-standing dissatisfaction with the ruling Persian royal house, economic dislocation, rapid cultural and historical change, the regional position that the country held and its relationship with the West. This paper examines the historical background of that war, examining how it came about and discussing what its consequences have been so far for the country and people of Iran.

Any event as dramatic as that of the Iranian revolution has deep roots, and whatever point in history one selects as the moment when the revolution became inevitable must be both arguable and artificial. But the underlying reasons for the revolution must be laid at least in large measure on the actions of Reza Shah, the father of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the shah who ..."

From the Paper
"BOUNDARY CONFLICTS BETWEEN CAMEROON & NIGERIA IN THE BAKASSI PENINSULA

Introduction
This research examines the boundary dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria in the Bakassi Peninsula. The Bakassi Peninsula is located in the eastern portion of the Niger River Delta where Nigeria borders Cameroon. The dispute between the two countries involves both land and maritime boundaries.

Background on the Issue
The immediate dispute between Cameroon and Nigeria dates to 1994, when Cameroon lodged a complaint against Nigeria with the International Court of Justice (Secretary General's Report to the General Assembly 9). The origins of the boundary issue between the two countries, however, extends back to the early ..."

Abstract
This research paper discusses whether the Monroe Doctrine formed part of a coherent and consistent American foreign policy during the period 1776 to 1830. The Monroe Doctrine was issued in reaction to a specific set of circumstances related to American perceptions of threatened intervention by European powers in North and South America. It, nevertheless, reaffirmed and was consistent with mainstream themes of American foreign policy since the American Revolution, namely, the avoidance of entanglement of the United States in the affairs of the rest of the world, except as required for the protection of its commercial interests and its own defense against attack. It reflected American commitment to the ideals of the Revolution

From the Paper
"MONROE DOCTRINE AND U. S. FOREIGN POLICY (1776-1830)

This research paper discusses whether the Monroe Doctrine formed part of a coherent and consistent American foreign policy during the period 1776 to 1830. The Monroe Doctrine was issued in reaction to a specific set of circumstances related to American perceptions of threatened intervention by European powers in North and South America. It, nevertheless, reaffirmed and was consistent with mainstream themes of American foreign policy since the American Revolution, namely, the avoidance of entanglement of the United States in the affairs of the rest of the world, except as required for the protection of its commercial interests and its own defense against attack. It reflected American commitment to the ideals of the Revolution, individual liberty and a republican form of government. In ..."

From the Paper
"American Vietnam Policy During The Eisenhower Administration
This research paper traces the evolution of United States policy toward Vietnam during the administration of President


Dwight Eisenhower (January 1953-January 1961) and discusses the
factors which shaped that policy and contributed to its ultimate failure. The focus of this paper is on the mind-set and operating assumptions of President Eisenhower and other key members of his national security team and their manifestation in Vietnam policy. Its theses are that:
(1) from the late 1940s and throughout the Eisenhower administration, American policy toward Indochina/Vietnam was strongly shaped by Cold War tensions and was dictated primarily by Cold War considerations --i.e. the imperative need as..."