Abstract This paper explains the methodology promised and employed in order to mollify the tragedy and indignity of the depression, known as the New Deal, Roosevelt's grand plan, to drag a struggling nation out of financial ruin and into what would become the world of modern politics.
From the Paper "The New Deal divided the nation into the fairly distinctive categories of pro and anti New Deal. New Deal policies set an as yet unseen precedent for partisan politics as the notions of liberalism and conservatism came into direct conflict. Roosevelt followed the immensely unpopular Herbert Hoover, whose policies in dealing with the depression were of the "stay the course-a thousand points of light" variety. The political philosophy that, through hands-off government activity and minimal intervention, even the most dire economic situation will correct itself, was a distinctly republican one that perpetuates in republican policy making today."
Abstract After a brief review of the colonization of Africa, the essay describes the social phenomenon of neo-colonialism, in which African nations are free from direct foreign rule but the economic infrastructure is still in the hands of the former colonial country's companies and institutions. The result of this is that decisions by indigenous African leaders have to be carefully made so that they remain non-threatening to the institutions that control the natural and financial resources of the country. The essay focuses on the effects of neo-colonialism and refers to three possible ways of rectifying the situation.
From the Paper "In the wake of ?independence,? after Colonialism ended, the social phenomenon of "Neo-Colonialism" began. At the 1961 All-African People's Conference held in Cairo, neo-Colonialism was defined as "the survival of the colonial system in spite of the formal recognition of political independence in emerging countries which become the victims of an indirect and subtle form of domination by political, economic, social, military or technical means." Many African nationalists and critics of Colonialism see the independence gained from the withdrawing colonial powers as only partial liberation. Some call it ?false independence.? Full or real freedom, they believe, would come with economic independence. The neo-colonialism is a vague, mirage-like state of government still largely influenced by the colonial powers to simply give the colonized people the illusion of freedom."
Abstract This paper examines public opinion on President Bush's move to free trade. The writer shows that while people both enjoy the freedom of purchase that comes with the move, they are also concerned about the economic and social ramifications.
From the Paper "Advocates of free trade claim benefits to both individuals and society, while protectionists claim that people need protection from free trade. There is no doubt that business is becoming increasingly global and it seems free trade will mark the future of international business. By considering both sides of the argument, a balanced view of the issue can be obtained. It may even be possible to combine both sides of the argument to give a true account of the impact of free trade."
A discussion of American imperialistic ventures in the late 1800's, specifically the Spanish American War, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines, explaining why intervention was justified.
Abstract The paper discusses many primary sources of the day and their opinions on what America was doing at the time, including the debate between isolationism and the belief in intervention. The paper quotes many opinions backing both sides and shows why one side was right.
From the Paper From the outset of the United States? independence from Britain, it had abided by a foreign policy of no foreign policy. This isolationist policy was stressed by George Washington, the nation's first president. It was not until the late 19th century that the United States took an active role in international politics, intervening between Spain and Cuba. This intervention led to the Spanish American War, and the US gaining additional territories from Spain. The issue of whether the US had the right to control Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines was a topic of great debate among the politicians of the day. The vast public opinion favored the United State's intervention and expansion, as it was clearly the reasonable approach.
A look at the public view of the Vietnam War - during and after the war, examining the media interpretations and public outcries as well as films set in that time period.
Abstract This paper discusses the theme of controversy that surrounded the Vietnam War from start to finish to its memory. The paper analyzes newspaper articles from wartime and how the public viewed the war, what the soldiers were thinking, how they were treated during and after the war, and how the war is officially memorialized and the controversies surrounding each. Included in the paper are references to each news article, as well as pop culture novels and even the Rambo movie.
From the Paper "The Vietnam "War" is known as the most controversial war in American History. This controversy seemed grow with time and wane only at a slower speed. From the outset of the war, there were many who questioned America's objectives and ability to win. There were others though who were patriotic and believed America could succeed, such hopes were always classified with if?s. As the war continued, the controversy and questioning of the government grew, turning Vietnam into a political battlefield. The politics involved often overshadowed the reality of the situation, pitting policy against humanity."
Abstract The writer of this paper investigates the change in America's policy of international peace-keeper to that of a self-serving regime which influences the policies of countries, specifically after the September 11 attack. He further explores how the rest of the world sees America's change of policy and the affect it has on world politics.
From the Paper "There is also a growing dislike for the "American policies" among a number of counties; the French Foreign Minister Hubert Vedrine called the United States a "hyperpower," the Dutch Prime Minister declared that the European Union should make itself "a counterweight to the United States." Russian and China have always opposed the U.S.' "hegemony" and are hoping to establish "a multipolar world." America should endeavor to create a more respectful and mutually acceptable relationship with the other great powers. Philosopher and political analyst Walter Lippmann wrote in 1965, "A mature great power will make measured and limited use of its power." Professor David Calleo, says that American leadership is "sometimes like a kind of world government but run by us, and without much reference to what people think" (Woollacott, 2001.)"
Abstract This paper demonstrates that immigrant workers do not add significantly to the U.S. economy and have more costs than the benefits derived from their presence. The paper focuses specifically on a proposed bill by President Bush, after discussions with the president of Mexico working, that would allow seasonal farm workers to enter the United States as guest-workers.
From the Paper "Over 8 million immigrants were in the United States as of the year 2000 (FAIR 1998). Immigrants make up approximately 8.5 percent of the total U.S. population (Simon, 1996). Proponents of immigration, such as Molly Galvin (Galvin, 1997) state that even though immigration causes negative economic effects in certain local areas, the overall effect on the US economy is not a negative one. Some propose that immigrants add to the US economy. Opponents such as Mark Krikorian (Krikorian, 2001), and Steven Camorata (Camorata, 2001) believe that immigration will have a negative effect on American Agriculture and Wages."
Abstract China officially joined the World Trade Organization last year after a long series of negotiations. The entry of China into this world body has aroused mixed emotions among business analysts in the United States. Proponents feel that it will help Chinese economy and make its industries more competitive, while opponents are of the view that United States employment rate will be badly hurt by China's accession to WTO. China will certainly stand to benefit from increased trend towards global sourcing and the paper studies China's entry with reference to this particular issue.
From the Paper "China today enjoys a prominent position in the world because it is one of the fastest growing markets and this makes it the center of attention for the global businesses. The country has been introducing trade reforms since a long time now and in its attempt to become a major part of the world community, it offered to join World Trade Organization, which already has 142 members. But accession has not been a smooth journey for China because it was after almost 15 years that it was finally granted entry into this trade body. But it is felt that with the entry of China, things are going to change dramatically for businesses in Asia Pacific region and also for those firms that are on the look out for global emerging markets. In the past few years globalization has been the major trend for all large businesses especially the ones in the United States. The American corporate world has been engaged in global sourcing for sometime and with the entry of China in WTO, it is almost certain that these firms would find a wider market and sourcing would increase rapidly with China opening its doors to businesses around the world. "
Abstract In this paper Ithe writer puts forward the reasons that account for the growth in Perestroika, such as the economic decline and social despair suffered by the populations of Russia and the countries of Communist Eastern Europe. It also looks at the man who was responsible for the introduction of Perestroika, Mikail Gorbachev and why he wanted to introduce Perestroika.
From the Paper "The Soviet Union and its satellite countries were on a continual downward spiral from the late 50's and 60?s. Ruled from Moscow, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was suffering a very poor economy and social conditions such as housing, welfare and food supply. Leonid Brezhnev, who became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party in 1964, reinforced the strict regime of communism. All private ownership in Russia was ended, a mass programme of industrialisation was started and the Soviet military strength was significantly enhanced."
Tags: cold, eastern, europe, glasnost, gorbachev, mikail, perestroika, russia, war
Abstract This paper is based on "The Ugly American", a book written in 1958. This paper demonstrates how America's government officials ignored their mistakes in relations with the Vietnamese natives and made no attempt to correct them. The paper shows that furthermore, officials in Vietnam falsely reported that the Vietnamese natives thought they had a good relationship with America.
From the Paper "A reason why America may have lost this war is that representatives of our government did not fully understand the Vietnamese, their culture, way of living or history. Many Americans did not even know the country existed until the conflict began. We thought that because of the size and stature of our nation, we would always win in the end."
Tags: conflict, corruption, government, misunderstanding, vietnam, war
This paper explains how the U.S. and Vietnam's misperceptions of each other affected the way they fought the war, mentioning the My Lai massacre and the affect this had on the way Vietnamese perceived the United States.
Abstract Because of the way the Americans fought this war, the Vietnamese had different perceptions or misperceptions of the United States. All of the assigned readings make this point valid. Many of the Vietnamese civilians saw the American soldiers as instruments for America's leaders wanting their war machine to defeat the North Vietnamese, not to help Vietnam, but just to win. American leaders were making their decisions by listening to certain people "who didn"t really know what they were dealing with.? This paper explains how the Americans misunderstood the Vietnamese and what went wrong when they tried to take over the fight between North and South Vietnam.
From the Paper "After reading the assigned books for this paper, I have come to the conclusion that the way the US fought this war was not very honorable. The American military leaders back in the United States did not know enough about what was really going on in Vietnam and as a direct result, they underestimated the power of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Regular Army. Herr makes this evident when he says ?there is a point of view that the United States got involved in the Vietnam War ... simply because we thought it would be easy.?1 "
Abstract This paper examines the historical context of these two ethnic cleansing genocides that occurred in the late twentieth century. It looks at lessons the world should have learnt from the Holocaust in World War II and analyzes the United Nations' involvement and role in preventing these atrocities.
From the Paper "Many people who lived through World War II will never forget the sights of thousands of Jewish bodies thrown into mass graves after the Nazi Holocaust. To most people it was unimaginable- the extent of the death and destruction. Winston Churchill called it a "crime that has no name" (www.un.org 2001). Winston Churchill was correct in his observation. Despite the numerous occurrences in history, the word "genocide" as a legal term and an international sanction did not exist until 1951 (www.un.org 2001). It was 1951 that the U.N. made a treaty defining and criminalizing genocide, entitled The Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. In the last fifty years, the world has witnessed many horrendous massacres of civilian populations, in Cambodia, Bangladesh, and elsewhere, for which the political will was lacking to organize a war crimes tribunal. Now, the international climate supports the creation of the first two war crimes tribunals since the Nazi's at Nuremburg, those for Rwanda and Kosovo."
Tags: crimes, genocide, kosovo, nations, rwanda, tribunal, united, war
Abstract Resistance ? with the proper tools, strategy, and determination ? can countermeasure any unwanted entity. This paper shows how the anti-Soviet forces in Afghanistan not only pushed the invaders out of their country, but helped precipitate the eventual fall of the USSR as a world power. The paper studies the question: How did the Soviets lose that war, or how did the Mujahidin ? the soldiers of God ? win?
From the Paper "The Afghan resistance fighters, under the guidance of their Islamic mullahs and provincial warlords, devised effective tactics and strategies to engage the large Soviet and pro-Soviet forces: avoid direct combat with a superior force; use the element of surprise; attack more at night; yield a battlefield to the enemy if it means a large result of death for the resistance forces; conduct terror and disinformation campaigns in enemy-held villages. These soldiers of God would conduct successful ambushes through the course of the war. They would attack small convoys through mountainous routes if they were lightly armed; they would attack larger forces within small valley or ravines by destroying lead and aft position vehicles to cause a jam and create confusion and panic as soldiers; they would disguise themselves as pro-Soviet soldiers and conduct disinformation campaigns in local villages to create disorder and add to the confusion amongst the rumor-mill of the local populace; or they would infiltrate firebases and conduct small raiding parties upon equipment or supplies, destroying what they could quickly, and withdrawing back into the mountains."
Abstract This paper examines President Truman's decision to fire General MacArthur during the Korean War. It looks at the different reasons why MacArthur wanted to bomb China and suggests that Truman made his decision because he felt that MacArthur was gaining to much power. The author examines the correctness of the decision by detailing not only what what happened when MacArthur was fired, but also looks at what was prevented from happening in the war as a result of his firing.
From the Paper "In the Korean War, President Truman made a very controversial decision to relieve General Douglas MacArthur of his duties, for the reason that MacArthur tried to overpower the President to drop the atomic bomb on China. This decision was considered controversial amongst the American people due to the fact that MacArthur was looked upon as a wartime hero, being in both World Wars and leading the armed forces in Japan and Korea. I believe that Truman was right in his decision, looking ahead into the future to stop further conflicts with other nations. Truman, by making this decision, not only stopped the involvement of the Soviet Union entering the Korean War, but also stopped what could have been World War III, and ended the war in a more peaceful manner."
Abstract The author feels that major issues in U.S. Latin American policy are the economy and human rights. The paper explores these issues in detail and explains why they are critical. To protect the economic interests in this region, the author believes that policies should be created that would encourage Latin America's financial independence.
From the Paper "The economic conditions in Latin America are critical to U.S. interest in the region because the U.S. has provided billions of dollars, this includes military aid, to Latin America over the past ten years. Much of this has been provided because of the instability of the economies in that region. Ensuring that these economies gain some stability would benefit not only the U.S. economy but also the World economy."
