Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between imperialism and capitalism from the time of the Spanish Empire to the present. The author describes both forces--capitalism and imperialism--and argues that imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism. The paper relates the purpose of Spanish imperialism and how the forms of imperialism have changed over time.
From the Paper "For many world scholars, the form of slavery, begun by the English in the seventeenth century and continued into the nineteenth century by the Americans, is merely the most naked form of imperialism. It is the domination of an oppressor ..."
Abstract This paper looks at imperialism in the 20th century. It takes a look at both the pro-imperialism and anti-imperialism points of view. Included are the pro-imperialism ideologies of Teddy Roosevelt and Adolph Hitler and the anti-imperialism arguments of Frantz Fanon and Mahandas Gandhi,as well as others. The political ideas of expansionism and protectionism are explored.
From the Paper "As the 20th century unfolded, the struggle for and against imperialism continued escalate and became a dominant issue on the world political stage. While political figures in countries as disparate as Nazi Germany and the United States supported and justified imperialism, those who were subjects of it willingly put their lives on the line to oppose it and, hopefully, bring it to an end. For the most part, the pro-imperialist, based their arguments on economic need and/or racism. Such is true in the cases of Jules Ferry, Theodore Roosevelt, and Adolph Hitler. On the other hand, those who stood against imperialism based their arguments on human rights and self-determination. Just before the dawn of the 20th century, both Ferry of France and Roosevelt of the United States led the charge for expansionism by their respective countries."
Abstract This paper examines the themes and issues presented in Robert Johnson's book "British Imperialism: Histories and Controversies". The paper also analyzes the historiography of British imperialism and discusses the consequences of colonization.
From the Paper "Johnson's purpose in this book is to explain some of the histories and controversies surrounding British imperialism, a concept he believes that was continuously evolving, was somewhat incoherent and even contradictory. Johnson considers his book an introduction to British imperialism, not a history of the British Empire. As such some of the content is presented in outline form rather than in depth. However presented, the content supports his aim of explaining how some of the historiography..."
Abstract The paper discusses three theories about the New Imperialism policies of Europe and the United States. The paper explains the causes of the New Imperialism policies, including economic reasons, emergence of nation states and nationalism, cultural and religious motives.
From the Paper "The phrase "New Imperialism" has historically been used to describe the various competing imperialist policies of Europe and the United States at the end of the Nineteenth and beginning of the Twentieth centuries. This new imperialism was different in a number of ways from the old practices, not the least of which was the fact that it was widely recognized and criticized in its own time. There has been much debate within the field concerning what the actual causes of the new imperialist era were."
Tags: new imperialism, hayes, hobson, lenin, ferry, bismarck, kipling
Abstract The paper explores how the new European imperialism of the 19th century relied on various stages of industrial, scientific and technological advancements that were causes for this to occur. The paper explains how the process of world domination relied on quicker methods of mass production, greater medical advancements and the ideological construct of Darwinism that was used to validate the colonization of so-called lesser races. The paper points out how before the 19th century, nations such as Great Britain could not as quickly produce or technologically be able to sustain the mass invasions that they had accomplished in this century.
From the Paper "This historical analysis will analyze the new imperialism of the 19th century and the various causes that helped to change the human condition in European history. In the advent of the industrial age, one can realize the growing reliance on electricity, machines, and the scientific advances that produced population growth in Europe and America. In many ways, these were the causes of the far easier usage of energy sources, mass production, and population growth, which powerful countries used in having access to a new global imperial agenda. With the advance of science and technology countries such as Great Britain could now exploit and militarily control lesser nations. These are the various causes of the new imperialism that changed the way powerful countries controlled the world in the 19th century.
Abstract In this article the writer points out that imperialism has been a driving force in global economic and social development throughout much of history. A definition of imperialism is provided as acquiring nations by extending control over foreign entities. The writer notes that from ancient China, through Western Europe, and even today, the process of garnering control and using underutilized assets from lesser developed nations has shaped the world. The writer then discusses that as trade barriers dissolve, it becomes increasingly clear that imperialism has changed form from a singular nation-strategy, to a multi-national organization strategy as a globalizing force. The writer concludes that globalization, in a more socially responsible format, could lead to bona fide human liberation globally, making it the farthest thing from imperialism as possible and, therefore, perhaps the light at the end of the dark imperialistic tunnel.
Outline:
Introduction
Imperialism Under the Guise of Developing Underdeveloped Nations
Capitalism, Privatization and Modern Imperialism Imperialism and Globalization
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Throughout history, societies have been subdivided into levels of development. The industrialized nations of Western Europe and North America, and currently more recently industrialized nations such as Japan, have been dubbed "First World" nations, while others such as many nations in Asia, Africa and Latin America, are categorized as "Third World" nations. This categorization occurs due to several factor include poverty levels, industrialization, and productivity of the nation. Historically, Imperialism is the process of seeing the underutilized riches in an underdeveloped nation, and then taking control of the nation in question, in order to benefit from their lack of ability to defend themselves. It is this historic exploitation that has often negatively affected the nation's current global standing."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that various contemporary writers have interpreted the motives for imperialism, the political control by more powerful countries of weaker nations, in vastly different ways. The writer points out that supporters of imperialism, for example, consider it as a benign concept that is beneficial for the colonized people, but the Marxists condemn it as a naked form of capitalistic exploitation, believing that imperial expansion is driven solely by a search for new markets and investment opportunities overseas. The writer concludes that the writings of most pro-imperialism writers reveal an underlying theme that the benefits of imperialism outweigh the costs and that colonization was beneficial for the colonized people. The writer maintains that, in fact, the theory that the stronger and developed nations have an obligation to take over the responsibility of governing the weaker and poorer nations has definite racist overtones.
From the Paper "Other Western writers and leaders of the period on either side of the Atlantic have expressed similar sentiments in their writings. For example, John Sullivan, a 19th century American journalist, coined the phrase of Manifest Destiny in 1845, arguing that the United States had a divine mandate to expand its territory throughout North America and God had chosen the nation to spread the natural law of freedom and equality among nations that were deprived of such virtues. Jules Ferry, twice Prime Minister of France in the late 19th century, strongly supported French colonial expansion for economic, patriotic, and racial reasons. He argued that French colonial expansion was necessary since the existing markets for French goods were shrinking due to trade barriers and competition from the United States and Germany. As a result, it was imperative for France to colonize weaker nations in Africa and Asia in order to find captive markets for its goods and if it wished to remain a "great nation." At the same time, Ferry expressed the opinion that "superior" races have the right to colonize since they have a 'duty' to civilize inferior races."
Abstract This paper looks at how political imperialism and capitalist forces are closely connected with ecological imperialism. In particular, the paper examines the theories of Alfred W. Crosby and Karl Marx on imperialism and looks at how they relate to ecological imperialism. The paper first discusses Crosby's thesis that imperialism did not only change the political and social structures of colonies but also affected their ecological systems. The paper then looks at Marx's arguments about the damage caused by capitalism. According to Marx, capitalism was a force that treated laborers as machines and did not give them the value they deserved. This degradation of work leads to degradation of environment and ecology.
From the Paper "Imperialism is a well-understood concept and the mere mention of the word generates extreme sentiments of resentment and bitterness against certain nations of the world. When imperialism in politics was destroying the colonies, there was another phenomenon at work, which had also been working hand in hand. It was called ecological imperialism where entire ecologies of colonies were changed because of imperial influences. Alfred W. Crosby first brought this forward in 1986 in his book Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900."
Abstract This paper examines "Culture and Imperialism" by Edward Said, illustrating imperialism through various modes of culture. The paper outlines Said's explanation that imperialism is an ideology that justifies, supports, and legitimates the conquest, control, and domination of lands that are inhabited by other people, who speak different languages and have other traditions. The paper also describes various literary works of the same time period and claims that Said viewed imperialism as the central theme of European literature in the 19th century.
From the Paper "Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism postulates that imperialism is not about a moment in history, but rather, about a continuing, interdependent relationship between a people and the dominant peoples and the dominant dialogue of an empire. Said sees "the disputed value of knowledge about imperialism . . . (as) a compellingly important and interesting configuration in the world of power and nations. There is no question," he insists, "that in the past decade the extraordinarily intense reversion to tribal and religious sentiments all over the world has accompanied and deepened many of the discrepancies among polities that have continued since . . . the period of high European imperialism.? "
Tags: 19th, century, colonialism, european, history, ideology, literature, traditions
Abstract This paper explains that the New Imperialism, which took place between 1871 and 1914, resulted from industrialized nations seeking control of foreign territories for economic, military, political, and philosophical aims. The paper describes the conditions that motivated and fueled the New Imperialism, the active players in the age of New Imperialism, and the consequences of New Imperialism for industrialized nations and for the lands and peoples that were subjugated.
From the Paper "One of the motivating factors for the New Imperialism was world trade. The world markets were becoming increasingly open to free trade, but because of an economic depression, many European powers sought to impose trade tariffs and other restrictions to assume dominance in the market. Also, nations needed new avenues for natural resources and the industrialized nations would compete heavily for access to the natural resources of Africa and Southeast Asia. Africa was the prime victim of the New Imperialism; only two nations remained free of European control. The New Imperialism completely restructured Africa, altering its social, political, and economic realities and undermining ancient indigenous traditions. The industrialized nations also sought potential for new markets for their finished manufactured goods. Therefore, the New Imperialism was mostly based on economic motives."
Abstract European Imperialism has been described as the age of global integration as European social order manifested an outward movement to other continents. This paper examines how the slow "globalization" by Europeans was fostered by different cultures in the lands they occupied. It has been said that most of the countries did not suffer from imperialism, but this paper shows that this depended on the ruler of the country and the way the changes were implemented. Cultures in the different areas are compared - Asia, Africa and the New World - to see how they were effected by European Imperialism.
From the Paper "Duiker and Speilvogel's book, World History Since 1865, Volume II examines the emergence of imperialism promoted by Europeans and the resulting affects of their determination to expand, far surpassing imperial Rome. Great Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Germany, Spain, Portugal and even Russia intruded forcefully into Africa, Asia, the Middle East and the South Pacific and finally sought out the North and South Poles. Today, there is common agreement that European overseas expansion was a constant factor of the nineteenth century, with British commercial activities the most obvious."
Abstract The objective of this paper is to further explore the concept of human rights. A particular focus will be placed on the question of whether or not the imposition of western human rights values on non-western traditions constitutes a form of imperialism. At the root of the issue, it seems is the issue of what should weigh more, human rights or state sovereignty. In the end, of course, there is no definitive answer to this question. What it can, and will, do, however, is look at the dynamics of human rights in the international arena and comment on whether western rhetoric on human rights is in the sphere of imperialism, or neo-imperialism.
Abstract This paper is on Cyrus's key to imperial leadership. It discusses how Cyrus' military and imperial success, according to Xenophon, is gratitude and by following his use of gratitude through at least two episodes in the Education of Cyrus. It also discusses why it is such a help to his imperial leadership with reference to Shakespeare's "Henry V" and explains his use or non-use of gratitude in leadership.
A discussion of the concepts of imperialism and capitalism through a review of Joseph Conrad's "The Heart of Darkness" and Anna Leonowens's "The English Governess at the Court of Siam".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, 2002, $ 35.95
Abstract This undergraduate paper takes the position that imperialism is the highest expression of capitalism. It supports Lenin's argument to that effect. It draws upon Joseph Conrad's "The Heart of Darkness" and Anna Leonowens's "The English Governess at the Court of Siam", to demonstrate the impact and method of imperialism. It concludes that imperialism is indeed the ultimate expression of thoughtless greed for greed's sake.
Abstract This paper presents an exploration of globalization and imperialism and argues that globalization is actually nothing more than imperialism with a different name. The writer uses several sources to illustrate the definition of imperialism and then holds it against globalization to prove they are one and the same.
From the Paper "A new pedagogy will be in order if the progression of imperialist globalization is to stop. Imperialism is the act of obtaining power by taking over other areas. This may mean a true take over such as was seen recently in Iraq, or it can be more subtle by way of an economic takeover. An economic takeover is what the process of globalization is advocating with its spread of capitalism, led by technological wonder and awe. In the end however it is nothing more than a new way for some nations, primarily America, to gain control over other nations through the use of business clout and dependence."
