Abstract An examination of John Mill and Immanuel Kant's theories on ethics. The author examines Mill's view of hedonistic ethics and Kant's view of reason and intentions. The author explains and compares these two point of views.
From the Paper "Ethics, being as broad and opinion-based as it is, can be a difficult issue not only to define, but also to explain clearly to others. In the 18 and 19 hundreds two outgoing philosophers set forth to provide moral theories formed with concrete information, to add to the foundation of ethics. These two men were John Mill and Immanuel Kant, and their views were known as Utilitarianism and Kantian theory respectively. Both avoid interlacing their own opinions, in hope of finding a greater genuineness to their conjectures. Mill offers us a hedonistic ethics, full of pleasure and ends, while Kant proposes ridged principles of reason and intentions. Due to the fact that the subject is so hard to understand, many times their work must be interpreted and simplified. This paper will attempt to do just that, clarify the conjectures of these two theorists."
Abstract A look at Immanuel Velikovsky's theories of the justification of 'miraculous' events which he claimed had been caused by major astronomical event. The author focuses mainly on the claims outlined in his popular book, "Worlds in Collision".
From the Paper "Immanuel Velikovsky, author of Worlds in Collision, was very well read when it came to the texts of ancient cultures. In his book he argues that our solar system has changed dramatically within the last few millennia, impacting considerably on the course of history on Earth. I will attempt to show that his statement, based on these ancient writings, is flawed. He does not question the veracity of the texts and takes everything said as literal, leaving them greatly open to interpretation. I will also illustrate how Velikovsky's theory is disproved by geographic evidence, which he fails to investigate."
Abstract This paper examines the dissertation of Immanuel Wallerstein on global social injustice. It explores the Media distortion and under representation of the movement towards a more socially just society. The paper describes Wallerstein's social movement, which is unknown in the Western World. The author illustrates that the world is dynamic and ever changing place, where power shifts, rises, and nations fall.
From the Paper "Immanuel Wallerstein was born in 1930. he received his BA from Columbia in 1951, his MA in 1954 and his PhD is 1959. He has also received honorary doctoral degrees from place like the university of Paris, The National University in Mexico, and the University of Brussels, just to name a few. He has been published extensively and since 1976, has been a Distinguished Professor of Sociology, Binghamton University (SUNY), and the Director of the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economics, Historical Systems, and Civilizations. His dissertation title was "Road to independence, Ghana and the Ivory Coast.? His early interests lied in the strugglers in Africa for independence, however, a look at his published work shows that his focus gradually widened to include social justice worldwide. Utopistics is a short book, only about 90 pages. However, in that short period, he lays out what has happened, what is happening now, and a vision for the future with regards to the movement for worldwide social justice. Although Wallerstein does not seem to hold much hope for a more socially and environmentally just society, there are plenty of reasons to believe that such a world is possible. The view may look bleak inside the United States, but labor movements, women's movements, and justice movements are taking hold all over the globe."
Abstract This essay compares moral decision-making in perspectives offered by sociologist Peter Berger and philosopher Immanuel Kant. Issues of free will, "bad faith" and individual choices in social contexts are discussed.
Abstract This paper explains why Immanuel Kant has provided me with the best direction for resolving ethical problems. His focus on duty appeals to me, but I find he is best combined with other philosophers.
Abstract This paper focuses on the philosophical theory of Immanuel Kant. Kant was a German thinker who has made invaluable contribution to the field of philosophy. He presented his views on different subjects in his various famous books such as the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), and Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals (1785).
Abstract This paper explains that St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant were born nearly half a millennium apart and, on the surface, both their styles of argumentation and their general approaches to philosophy appear equally distanced from each other; however, both wished to solidify the fundamental knowledge of God. The author points out that Kant's metaphysics was a legitimate attempt at developing a kind of ultimate science that would guarantee the truth of knowledge. The paper relates that, similarly, Aquinas attempted to assert that some of mankind's most centrally held beliefs can be justified through the application of rational thought; specifically, he attempted to generate a comprehensive argument both in favor of the existence of God, which backs the most central doctrines of the Church.
From the Paper "Thomas Aquinas was even more ensconced in the traditional Catholic hierarchy and interpretations of existence than Immanuel Kant. Aquinas' central focus was upon the questions pertaining to the relationship between God and man, and God and the natural world. Primarily he wanted to investigate what aspects of the world betray the existence of God, and consequently, why His existence is questioned so readily. Eventually, his writings would become the accepted textbooks of theology for the Church, and accordingly, would forever possess a certain stigma for either those who were non-Christians or non-Catholics particularly after the protestant reformation. Undeniably, though, Aquinas' methods were decidedly rational. That is, he endeavored to arrive at abstract claims as to the nature of God and the world by observing physical anomalies. This contrasted him strongly with most philosophers from his age, by virtue of the fact that he believed true faith required analytical investigation; but, it made him similar to Kant, who believed that faith in God and the righteousness of our actions require critical analysis."
This paper examines the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, considered one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and an expert on moral enlightenment.
Abstract This paper explores the views of philosopher Immanuel Kant. This paper details Kant's opinion that an epistemological approach to metaphysics would lead to the development of universally valid moral laws. The writer of this paper describes the philosopher's desire to create a more scientific system of pure moral principles which led him to reject all considerations of empirical concepts or conditions. This paper also discusses Kant's belief that human moral conduct should be guided and measured by pure reason, which alone could be made to account for the intrinsic worth of moral actions. The writer also touches on Kant's skepticism about human sincerity which led him to take into consideration the role that environment plays in molding and influencing human conduct.
From the Paper "Interestingly, Kant did take into consideration the conflict between the ideal of a moral world that is guided by pure reason and the natural world. Indeed, this is evident in his observation that the success of the idea of a moral world in influencing the world of sense would depend on "the condition that everyone does what he ought to do, i.e., the condition that all actions of rational beings occur as they would if they sprang from a supreme will." However, for Kant, the ultimate goal of a moral world was still an idea worth pursuing because it possessed the ideal of human conduct being "worthy of happiness." In other words, Kant was of the view that the idea of such a moral world could influence and develop human reason, and thereby lead to the highest ontological perfection as a principle of systematic unity, which would connect all things according to universal and necessary laws."
Abstract This paper compares Immanuel Kant's account of perpetual peace with Michael Walzer's account of aggression and just war in his book, "Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations."
From the Paper "According to Kant the principles of a nation that can participate in a federation of free states begin with the republican or representative form of government Kant Reason must be a dominant principle and reason absolutely condemns war as a means of ..."
Abstract This paper compares the ideas and theories of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant concerning morals. The paper compares their views on moral concerns necessary for ethical decisions and moral perceptions of higher and lower pleasures. The paper also examines and discusses differences between the two philosophers regarding moral judgment and decisions and contends that Kant's moral system is more complete.
From the Paper "Any truly complete ethics must address a number of concerns. These concerns include moral perception, moral choice, moral judgment, moral justification and moral systems. While a number of theorists have addressed these aspects of ethics, the ideas and theories advanced by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill seem to offer the most complete and affirmative approaches to these concerns. For any ethics to exist there must be some type of moral perception present in individuals and in entire societies. John Stuart Mill found that almost all..."
Tags: morals, philosophy, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant
Abstract This essay discusses philosopher Immanuel Kant's approach to the Enlightenment as presented in his work, "What is Enlightenment". The author of the paper addresses the following questions: Why did Kant choose to address the Enlightenment as he did? Is his approach as narrow as it seems to be? What exactly was the Enlightenment? Was it arborescent or rhizomatic? Depending on how it is defined, what approach should be taken to this phenomenon?
From the Paper "The Enlightenment is an enigma in that it represents an abrupt transition from the thought of the preceding period with a subsequent transformation of all social and cultural institutions. Yet, Kant treats the Enlightenment by using an apparently very narrow focus which leads to numerous problems. "
Abstract This paper examines the philosophical outlooks of Immanuel Kant and David Hume, with the author concluding that Kant's perspective is preferable. Kant's opinion on how one gains knowledge is contrasted with Hume's. Both perspectives on the contribution of experience to knowledge and the role of the "self" and a personal "world" are also considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Exposition
Conclusion
From the Paper "In his principal book entitled, "The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals," Kant explains why only the categorical imperative is the valid standard of moral obligation (Abbott 2006, Richards 2006, McCormick 2006). He limits his discussion to specific willful actions in moral situations or conditions, where the will is, or should be, influenced only by reason or rational considerations, rather than by subjective or emotional considerations, such as laziness, convenience, or advantage . He writes that morality involves what actions are necessary and that concept comes only from reason or rational considerations. These rational considerations must, in turn, be a "single principle of obligation (Richards)." It must also be stated as a command and has no reference to, or weighed against, the consequences of the action. Kant then says that only the categorical imperative fulfills all these conditions (Richards, Abbott, McCormick)."
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses the ideas and theories of German philosopher Immanuel Kant. According to the paper, Kant rejects St. Augustine's ontological argument in that reason is too limited to know anything that is beyond human experience and, therefore, cannot prove the existence of God. The paper goes on to say that Kant does, however, accept that religion can be established by the operations of morality in the human mind or by practical reason. Thus, God's existence becomes a necessary presupposition to objective, moral judgments, which extend beyond mere relative moral preferences.
From the Paper "Despite his rejection of ideas as objects of experience or speculative thought, Kant recognizes the legitimate function of ideas in thinking (Peters 2004). He believes that ideas can be used as "regulative." This means that they can be treated as if they were true in directing the understanding to a certain objective or purpose and to give concepts "the greatest possible unity in combination with the greatest possible extension (Kant 1945 as qtd in Peters)." These ideas can, then, provide the possibility for completeness and unity of experience. He also acknowledges the role of ideas in practical reason (Peters)."
Abstract The paper provides a biography of Immanuel Kant and discusses how he was influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The paper explains Kant's ideas and the application of his philosophy. The paper relates that contemporary philosophers consider Kant to be the most significant contributor to the development of Western philosophy.
From the Paper "A simplistic overview of Kant's response to these questions is that our knowledge is confined to the scientific understanding of the natural, empirical world; however, Kant believed that in addition to math and science, humankind could expand their knowledge through the exploration of metaphysics. Kant disputed contemporary philosophers of his time in that he deemed knowledge to be inhibited by the mind's involvement in creating the characteristics of our experiences; hence, the limitation of our ability to enter different realms of space and time (McCormick, 2006)."
