Abstract "In spite of a number of challenges, capital punishment has been affirmed by the Court and continues to be enforced. There is considerable public support for the death penalty, much of it related to a general trend toward demanding harsher penalties for criminals because of a fear of street crime and violence.
From the Paper "In spite of a number of challenges, capital punishment has been affirmed by the Court and continues to be enforced. There is considerable public support for the death penalty, much of it related to a general trend toward demanding harsher penalties for criminals because of a fear of street crime and violence. The death penalty is held out as a deterrent, and yet there is a relative balance in the evidence supporting and denying that effect. Though proponents and opponents of the death penalty may argue over such data as can be found on issues of this sort, a more basic question is simply whether capital punishment is the right sort of thing for an advanced society to use. If an automatic death penalty were instituted for all cases of first degree murder, this change would not be likely to have the effect that proponents of the death penalty might hope."
From the Paper "Physician-assisted suicide is a troubling issue which involves at least two moral actors -- the patient who makes a decision as to whether to live or die, and the physician who decides whether to assist or not. The real moral issue is faced by the physician, for it is he or she who will make the decision which changes a suicide to a physician-assisted suicide. Different moral systems can be applied to this issue.
The concept of right to die pertains to individual control over the process of dying. It remains unclear whether assisted suicide, which may include termination of life support, should be acceptable and legal or to what extent its practice can be regulated to protect the vulnerable and guard against abuse.
Self-determination is a central issue in the debate regarding end-of-life decisions, which includes the right to die...."
An analysis of foreign policy decisions, diplomacy and military events leading up to, during and after the 1990-91 war between the Western allies and Iraq.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, 2000, $ 71.95
From the Paper "This research paper summarizes and analyzes the United States foreign policy decisions and military events which led to, perpetuated and ended American involvement in the Persian Gulf War, including the military strategy employed by Iraq and the United States during that war.
The Persian Gulf War was precipitated by the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq in August 1990 and the determination by the United States that its vital interests were thereby threatened. American foreign policy, because it sought to maintain a balance between Iraqi and Iranian power in the region, sent Iraq mixed signals which failed to deter the invasion, but many other factors lay behind Saddam Hussein's decision to invade. Thereafter, the United States effectively built up its forces in..."
Abstract Gun control is one of the most controversial topics in America, and this discussion is even spreading to other parts of the world (Goldring, 1999). This paper will attempt to summarize one part of this international debate; specifically, it will deal with the arguments against gun control
From the Paper "The Major Arguments Against Gun Control
Gun control is one of the most controversial topics in America, and this discussion is even spreading to other parts of the world (Goldring, 1999). This paper will attempt to summarize one part of this international debate; specifically, it will deal with the arguments against gun control. This will be accomplished by arguing the following premises in this order.
1. The right to bear arms is guaranteed by the Constitution.
2. There is little empirical evidence that gun control is an effective deterrent against crime.
3. There is much empirical evidence that suggests that owning a gun can be a valid and efficient method of self-defense."
Abstract In looking at the risks of a U.S. war with Iraq, this paper discusses the increase in the threat to national security, the destabilizatiuon of world peace and the violation of democratic principles. The author draws the conclusion that America would be violating each and every principle that it claims to uphold if it chooses to go to war with Iraq.
Outline
1. An increase in the threat to national security.
a. Mercenary and fundamentalist factions in Afghanistan that once followed U.S. wishes turned against the U.S. post the Gulf War against Iraq, ultimately leading to September 11, 2001.
b. Rise in anti-American sentiment
i. Questions over U.S. rhetoric and double standards such as categorizing Iraq and Iran as belonging to the ?axis of evil,? but continuing to turn a blind eye to terrorist activity in Pakistan within its own borders and in Kashmir.
2. Destabilization of world peace
a. U.S. action against Iraq could lead to further destabilization of the entire Middle East region, as opined by many leading experts.
b. Breakdown of international arms non-proliferation and disarmament efforts since U.S. preemptive action will lend further justification to countries of different ideological leanings to arm themselves in the interests of national self-defense.
3. Violation of democratic principles
a. The right of the people of each country to choose their preferred course of action and if so desired overthrow their own government, which has been exercised time and again in world history
i. Our own struggle to break away from British Imperialism
ii. India's freedom of struggle against the British using non-violent principles and forms of rebellion.
iii. The increasing fall in U.S. public opinion
b. A war against an already deprived and suffering nation raises questions about humanitarian principles.
4. In conclusion, we will be violating each and every principle that we claim to uphold if we choose to go to war with Iraq.
From the Paper "I don?t think anyone in the free world doubts that Saddam Hussein is a "threat" to international peace. However, any military action is likely to be risky and self-defeating at this point in time. To start with, any U.S. action against Iraq and that too, without support from the UN and the international community is likely to endanger and not protect national security. For after all, let's not forget and let's face upto the fact that Osama was, in many ways, a creation of the U.S., who brought together a combination of communal factions and mercenaries in Afghanistan during the years of the Cold War, on the platform of anti-communism and ?jehad.? Post the end of the Cold War, however, various interested factions in the Islamic world continued to use Afghanistan and the very same U.S. creations of jehadis to spread Islamic fundamentalism."
Abstract The paper provides a history of the use of capital punishment and the rise of the movement for its abolishment. The paper then discusses whether the death penalty is a deterrent to crime and concludes that it is not. It then argues that the death penalty does not do justice to a crime. The paper also argues that the justice system is biased against non-whites and that there is a chance that an innocent person may be wrongfully accused and put to death, an irrevocable punishment.
From the Paper "There are few issues in society today that bring up more emotion and controversy than capital punishment. Throughout human history people have been executed for various forms of unlawful activity. The death penalty is still a widely practiced form of punishment throughout the world. Many liberal democracies have outlawed the custom, citing that it is a cruel and unusual punishment; however, one country notwithstanding remains aboard the figurative train ? the United States of America. I decisively believe state sponsored capital punishment is debauched. However there are numerous arguments opposing my viewpoint. What are some ethical and logical arguments of the advocates and adversaries of the ultimate vengeance?"
Abstract The paper begins with a brief definition of insider trading and then goes on to explore the meaning of this practice in more detail. It uses examples of insider trading that have become media events, to create a clear picture of the practice. The paper looks at the 1980's explosion of insider trading and at the development of legislation against insider trading. The case of Vincent Chiarella is examined as one of the first public cases of insider trading. The recent case of Martha Stewart and the Imclone company is discussed to illustrate the concept of insider trading. The re-evaluation of the rules of the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) is explored and the changes in it's make-up are mentioned. The paper concludes by studying the damaging effects of insider trading.
From the Paper "She has spent years telling America how to throw the best holiday parties and how to cook meals that even the pickiest of eaters will love. Her books, tips and advice are world-renowned when it comes to homemaking. Her name, Martha Stewart has become synonymous with elegance. In more recent months her name has also become partners with the term "insider trading". Martha Stewart is the latest celebrity or well known figure to move to the forefront of publicity regarding insider trading. Because she is one who is usually regarded as the housewife's mentor the accusations that surround her have shocked the nation."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the topic of abortion and takes the stance that it should be illegal barring health reasons. The writer discusses the topic from a moral, legal and political standpoint while providing a solid foundation for making abortion illegal unless there are health reasons warranting it. It discusses how the legalization of abortion has opened the door for the murder of innocent children and while the pro-life advocates argue that the embryo is not a life, the heartbeat begins within weeks of conception. If society uses a heart beat to determine whether someone is alive in the world, the same criteria should apply to the life of an unborn baby.
From the Paper "One of the most controversial court rulings in United States history was the Roe vs. Wade abortion decision in the 1970?s. That decision legalized abortion without cause. Any pregnant woman who meets the criteria with gestational age was ruled competent to decide on abortion and get one in a medical setting without facing legal ramifications. Legalizing abortions sent shock waves through the conservative community for years that have yet to subside. In the three plus decades following the decision medical science has made advances in understanding life forms and their beginnings."
Abstract The paper begins with a thesis statement. It then moves on to look at the history of the use of abortion as a means of birth control. The work of Margaret Sanger, who opened one of the first family planning clinics, is discussed. Some present-day abortion statistics are quoted and the health risks involved in abortion are studied. The arguments both for and against abortion are explored and the Roe vs. Wade case, a landmark case that decided the outcome of abortion's legality, is referred to. The paper lists reasons why women would choose abortion and concludes by summing up the two sides of the abortion coin.
From the Paper "Women's reproductive rights have been an issue for a number of years. From Margaret Sanger, the first proponent of birth control, to Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court decision on abortion, and many things between and since, abortion has been a heated topic, both in the media and in the hearts and minds of people. Those who are pro-life are opponents of abortion. Those who are pro-choice are proponents of abortion. The pro-life and the pro-choice proponents cannot find anything upon which to agree. One believes the fetus is a living, viable being from the moment of conception, while the other believes that the woman has a right to choose what happens to her body. There are pros and cons to both sides of this issue. Although abortions are being performed legally, there continues to be a stigma attached to this act. In fact, the issue of abortion is just as heated today as it has ever been."
Abstract This paper looks at how the amount of crime increases every day and how governments are working over time to fight this disaster and reduce it. It shows how some countries adopt capital punishment as one of the best ways of deterring crime and how others that have abolished capital punishment are trying to show the negligible effect of this kind of punishment. It examines how the United States of America, the only western country that uses death penalty suffers from a huge amount of offense from other countries. It evaluates how statistics have proved that there is no real positive effect with capital punishment and what makes capital punishment ineffective are errors in judgments such as lack of justice and natural mistakes.
From the Paper "In addition, the positive effects of death penalty on rate of crime are not proved. For many years it was thought that capital punishment is a deterrence of crime but later, when statistics became expanded, statisticians express that the idea that states with capital punishment have a lower crime rate is wrong. McManus (1998) expresses that states without the death penalty have fewer homicides than states those use death penalty. Massachusetts that has been abolished the death penalty, as an example, has the fewest crime rates in the United States of America (McManus, M., 1998). Similarly, Bonner and Fessenden (2000) illustrate that during the last twenty years, the rate of murder in states with capital punishment has been forty eight percent to more than one hundred percent higher than states with no capital punishment."
The paper examines the global response to Saddam Hussein's 1990 invasion of Kuwait: War crimes history and theory, practical & legal issues of trying Hussein, role of Israel and the United Nations and the U.S..
6,750 words (approx. 27 pages), 9 sources, 1991, $ 135.95
From the Paper "On August 2, 1990, the Iraqi forces of President Saddam Hussein invaded and swiftly occupied the neighboring emirate or principality of Kuwait. The optimistic hope that the largely bloodless Eastern European democratic revolutions of 1989 marked an "end of history" and the beginning of new era of peace and democracy was quite brutally dashed. By invading Kuwait, Saddam was challenging the world. He was in effect asserting that in spite of lofty rhetoric about the rule of law, naked force could still have the final word.
Saddam was asserting this principle, the principle of force, quite apart from any question about the rights or wrongs of his previous diplomatic dispute with Kuwait. It may well be that Iraq had some merit in its claims that were the immediate pretext for the war: Iraqi rights to a waterway into the Persian Gulf, ... "
This paper argues that affirmative action is needed to achieve workplace opportunity and diversity: Benefits and drawbacks, case studies, discrimination and utilitarian rule theory.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, 1995, $ 63.95
From the Paper Affirmative action is a system of correction and compensation that is essential for the creation of workplace diversity. Affirmative action attempts to correct the social problem of unequal employment opportunities for minorities and women. The method of correction depends upon whether a weak version of affirmative action is used or a strong version (Pojman, 1995, p. 341). Weak affirmative action seeks to level the playing field by providing scholarships to women and minorities, using community outreach to advertise certain employment positions, or using race or gender as a "tiebreaker" in the selection of equally qualified candidates. Strong affirmative action is often termed reverse discrimination because it gives an outright advantage to women and minorities in rectifying their under-representation in the workplace. The goal
Abstract This paper examines the role of the local fire department in responding to and planning for terrorist attacks. It describes paradigm shift in the way the department releases information to the public since September 11th, 2001. The paper states that a properly functioning master plan is essential to maintain order and lessen the effects of fear and panic from the terrorist attack.
From the Paper "In disaster response training and planning, it is said that the first people on the scene are the local fire department, but in reality, they are the second ones on the scene. The first person is the person who made the call. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, communities demanded to know that their government was ready in the event of another attack on the Federal, state and local level. They want to see concrete plans to handle such an event and a massive effort to assure that this does not happen again. Terrorism is unique from other disasters from an Emergency Response Perspective as it can take on many unpredictable forms. The following research will examine the role of the local fire department in responding to and planning for terrorist attacks."
Abstract This paper addresses the various issues on the top of public debate regarding the introduction of the Euro as a replacement for the current British currency of pounds. It present arguments for and againsts its introduction and examines Prime Minister Blair's position on the issue. It explains Blair's "five economic tests" conditions that the Euro needs to pass before being introduced in Britain. It discusses how public opinions change according to social classes and concludes with a discussion on Britain's general attitude towards Europe.
From the Paper "Whether to adopt the euro is a controversial issue in Great Britain. Public opinion sways on the subject, based on national economic and political concerns, as well as international developments. The centrist Tony Blair has cautiously backed the adoption of the Euro, but he continues to face significant opposition, from within his own Labor Party as well as from the opposition Conservative Party. While some in Great Britain support adopting the euro, many feel that adopting the currency would not be in the country's best interest. Some feel simply that they would lose control of their economy, and consequently, their country. Others frame the argument in terms of a larger criticism of the European Union, which is often portrayed as overly bureaucratic by the British media. There are, of course, those who support the Euro, citing the long term political and economic benefits for Europe as a whole, in which Great Britain would share. And, of course, there are those who simply are not sure?a significant portion of the population."
Abstract This paper discusses the issues involved in racial profiling as possibly the only way to prevent terrorism. The difficult and uncomfortable aspect of racial profiling, which puts a large population of innocent citizens under scrutiny, is explained. The paper presents the hope that when certain communities are targeted as a result of racial profiling, there will be cooperation from within the community to assist the officials.
From the Paper "While some may say that this violates civil liberties, Attorney General John Ashcroft says, "We're not sacrificing civil liberties, we're securing civil liberties?That's why the administration has claimed the unilateral power to designate any one of us a terrorist and subject to indefinite detention without a trial--or even knowledge of the charges against us. That's why it conducts secret searches of libraries and bookstores and who knows who's offices or computers: It wants to protect our liberty (Kaminer, 9). The communities affected by racial profiling will, certainly, experience discomfort. The fact is that the vast majority of Middle Eastern Americans and Middle Eastern students and visitors are of absolutely no threat to the United States in any way."
