Examines the nature of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's sweeping program to help the poor during the Great Depression of the 1930s, as well as the opposition it faced.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, 1999, $ 57.95
From the Paper "The 1929 plummet of the stock market resulted in far-reaching devastation, the period following this devastating readjustment termed the "Great Depression." Herbert Hoover, in line with his laissez-faire theories concerning government, initially responded to this catastrophe by encouraging cooperation among private charities and businesses to assuage the suffering. In the end, though, Hoover's plan to mitigate the suffering was a dismal failure. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, upon taking office, did not even attempt to minimalize government legislation. In the first "hundred days" of the session of Congress, sweeping legislation, collectively termed the "New Deal" was passed. Combined with other measures passed during Roosevelt's term, the legislation aimed to palliate the suffering of many. The New Deal legislation sought to aid the disaster-stricken farmers and the simple laborer, through many programs which were somewhat effective. There existed, though, significant opposition to the New Deal from many, including large sections of the business community. "
From the Paper "The knight, a mounted man-at-arms of medieval Europe, served a king or other feudal superior, usually in return for the tenure of a piece of land, but sometimes for pay, as a mercenary (Hopkins 17-18). The knight was generally a man of noble birth who had served in the lower ranks as a page and squire before being ceremoniously dubbed into knighthood by his superior. At his dubbing the knight usually swore to be brave, loyal, and courteous and to protect the poor and the weak. "
Tags: battle, castles, history, horses, kings, old, time
Abstract This paper looks at the role of the prophets Isaiah and Amos in establishing political and religious order in the Israelite kingdom. It discusses that since the prophets believed that the course of history is shaped by the will of God, a violation of Israel's commitment to God would inevitably harm the Israelites. The paper explains how the prophets' role was to insist that the Israelites mend their course of action and maintain their part of the covenant with God; otherwise, as the writings of Amos and Isaiah avow, the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah will be destroyed.
From the Paper "Louisbourg (Nova Scotia, Canada) was constructed as a result of a crisis in French colonial development. France possessed one of the largest colonial empires the world had ever seen. The French colonies stretched from India, the West Indies, into the heart of what is now Canada. France and England had been at war with minor interruptions from 1689-1713. Europe formed a coalition to resist France during the war of the Spanish Succession, which left France both militarily and financially exhausted. "
Abstract This first half of this paper gives an in-depth background of the events that occurred leading up to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Specific issues discussed include Japan's preparation for the attack and whether the United States knew the attack was imminent. The second half of the paper analyzes Japan's reasons for bombing Pearl Harbor. Several possible theories are discussed using common political science theories.
Tags: ii, japan, war, world, policy, second, world, war, military, operation
Abstract This research paper examines the history, cause, and effect of the Islamic Jihad on the Middle East and how it is viewed by Western countries.
From the Paper "Jihad has been largely misunderstood by in modern society by Westerners due to media coverage of the extremists actions of a few Middle Eastern Muslims who claimed to be on a holy Islamic jihad. One may ask how one word can mean so much; the answer is that jihad is the striving to translate the Word of Allah into action. "
Abstract This paper is a discussion of Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan as the greatest rulers of all time, arguing that Alexander the Great was the greater ruler. It compares and contrasts the empires of both. The armies and military strategies of the two are also discussed.
From the Paper "Both men developed large empires and although Genghis? empire was larger, Alexander's proved to be more influential to civilizations and empires to come. Alexander had inherited his throne from his father Philip of Macedonia in 356BC at the age of 20. He continued in his father's campaign to rid Greece of the Persians, but he did not stop there. In the span of four years he had conquered all of Persia. By the time of his death, his empire spanned from the Adriatic Sea to India. His main objective was to create a common cultural exchange throughout the world. Due to the extensive trade routes in highly populated areas of that time, he was able to achieve his goal. He succeeded in establishing Greek as the universal language and was able to pass the Greek culture to other countries."
Abstract This paper provides a description of the early and later architectural designs of the Roman houses, villas, and apartments. The author offers a historic view of the designs found in excavations and on mosaics and discusses the social relevance of certain architectural designs.
From the Paper "Architecture was outstanding among the Roman arts. Many of the outward forms of Roman architecture were taken over from the Greeks. It was through Rome that these forms became the common language of a great part of the tradition of western architecture. Connections between Greek houses and Roman ones provide important context both for Roman villas planned around peristyles as well as for the luxuriousness of the decoration and contents of late republican and early imperial houses and villas. This Greek luxury was a matter of some ambivalence for the Romans. Certain members of the Roman elite were eager to emulate the model of Hellenistic taste as found in Greek palaces of the fourth century B.C. and later (Robertson, 1986). But there has been a change of attitude about Hellenistic influence on architecture, painting, and mosaics: scholars are now stressing the ready naturalization of Greek art and ideas in the Roman context rather than using Roman art to reconstruct a hypothetical Hellenistic original (Jones, 2001)."
Tags: architecture, excavation, hadrian, mosaic, ostia, pompeii, roman, villa
Abstract An analysis of the developments that lead the U.S. to become involved in the Persian Gulf conflict. The author discusses aspects such as image, economics, priorities and interests of the U.S. that lead her to become involved.
From the Paper "On August 8, 1990, President George Bush announced that he had sent American troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it during Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. This was the beginning of U.S. military involvement in the Persian Gulf Conflict, which had started with Saddam Hussein's decision to invade only a week earlier. What made Bush decide to get involved so quickly? What did he stand to lose, and what did he expect to gain? Given a thorough understanding of the United States? priorities and relationships with other countries in the Middle East, the answers to these questions are easy to find."
Abstract A discussion of the influence of Protestant Reformations on State Sovereignty of the European States. The author discusses the way religion evolved from being a comforting concept of ever-lasting life to a powerful tool of reign. The author looks at the fall of the domination of the Christian church and how, as a result, the Protestant Reformation brought about a new school of thought and political structure independent of church.
From the Paper "The events of the Protestant Reformation that spawned through Europe at the beginning of that century came as a result of the corruption and domination of the church, and their purpose was to restore Christianity and its original mission. The aftermath of those events, however, went beyond cleansing of the church, and allowed not only for other religions to be born, but also for the European states to reclaim secular governments and ruling independent of the church."
Tags: christian, religion, state, politics, government, gods, church
Abstract A paper about sports history, a comparison between ancient sports and modern sports of today. The author looks at aspects such as the sports played, how they were played, their technological differences and how their symbolic and societal meanings differ.
From the Paper "Sports in the ancient world had their similarities to modern sports, but there are a few differences as well. In modern sports, there is more attention to detail when preparing fields for play, but nonetheless there are numerous amounts of workers who prepare the fields that athletes play on. In modern sports, nearly every sport has their schedules devised much before the season even begins. Although not all sports had officials at that time, there were people who kept order. In ancient sports, there were no records that were kept of ongoing statistics. Without role players, teams could not play to their optimum levels at all times."
Tags: baseball, games, greek, history, players, pythian, roman
Abstract A look at the impact of world wars on abstract expressionism, a genre of art. The author examines what paintings under this genre represent and how they come to play significant roles in the expression of historical events.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
A. Brief definition of abstract expressionism
B. Examples of other relationships between artistic movements and political happenings
1. Romantic movement
2. Vietnam
C. Brief description of the effects of World War
1. effects on the U.S. economy/politics
2. effects on the people
D. Thesis as to the relationship of World War II and the rise of Abstract Expressionism
1. Three major influences
a. immigration of European artists, writers, intellectuals, scientists
b. the Surrealist movement
c. ancient influences (art)
II. Body
A. Before World War II
1. Depression
2. Thirty Years War
3. World War I
B. Historical Roots
1. the 1930s
a. political happenings/economy
b. art & the relationship between the two
2. late 1930s early 1940s
a. political happenings/economy
b. art & the relationship between the two
C. Intellectual Roots
1. Themes of Abstract Expressionism
a. the return to origins
b. the human continuum
c. conflict and the dualistic pattern of human life
d. opportunities/new beginnings
2. Heritage (Ancient influences)
3. Nature
4. the subconscious
D. Artists
1. Gesture
a. style
b. specific artists
2. Color Field
a. style
b. specific artists
3. In-between
a. style
b. specific artists
III. Conclusion
A. The evolution of art starting from the period of the 1930s (WWI, Depression, etc.) to
after World War II
1. Content
2. Purpose
3. Style
B. How World War II molded Abstract Expressionism and how the artists drew from World War II
1. the people's responses to the war
2. united aspects of the art that showed a general feeling towards WWII
C. How, by the rising of Abstract Expressionism, modern art was affected, and how it
changed the way that people expressed their sentiments
From the Paper "At first, there was an initial resistance to Abstract Expressionism, but by the 1950s it was recognized as the dominant force in American painting, encouraged by the government while being considered a symbol of American cultural freedom.For the first time ever, American art received widespread and serious attention in Europe. Abstract Expressionism can hardly be characterized as a single movement due to the diversity of the art it encompasses. Despite this variety, Abstract Expressionist paintings share several broad characteristics ? they are basically abstract, emphasizing free, spontaneous, and personal emotional expression, and they exercise considerable freedom of technique in order to attain this goal. The artists of this period manipulate the physical variables of the paint in order to convey expressive qualities, often on large canvases to give the visual effects an engrossing power. Abstract Expressionist artists can be divided into three categories based on style - gesture painting, such as done by Jackson Pollock, color field painting as done by Mark Rothko, or an in-between style as done by Robert Motherwell."
Abstract This paper presents an examination of the English language and its origins. The author traces through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English and examines the development of language.
From the Paper "The English Language has been built on the backs of great nations and as these nations rose they brought with them a language that has evolved over many generations and is spoken all over the world. The history of the English language is an extensive and colorful one that has filled the lives of the linguistic scholars who have studied it with many hours of reading material. The English language and its origins will be traced through the three stages of Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. The stages will be studied in order to understand what influences have played a key role in the development of English. Also in this paper a look will be taken at the ways slang, jargon, and Colloquialism continue to the changes that English is even now under going."
Tags: development, english, history, midle, modern, old, language, words
Abstract This paper examines the story of Atlantis, its myths, history, legends and literature. The paper focuses heavily on Plato and his account.
From the Paper "The story of Atlantis has captivated the minds of humans for thousands of years. People from all walks of life have debated weather Atlantis really existed or weather it was just a story, nothing more. The myths and legends concerning Atlantis have come down through the centuries as one of the most enduring legends of all time. Thousands upon thousands of books have been written about weather Atlantis actually existed and there are even more secularization as to where Atlantis actually is. Some stories say that Atlantis was really the ancient land of Thera and the Minoan civilization, others insist that Atlantis was a gigantic island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that sunk 9,000 years ago, and still others even believe that Atlantis flew off from the Earth and become the moon. It is no doubt that Atlantis actually existed. Almost every civilization has a myth that tells of an ancient, corrupt civilization that was punished and was swallowed by the sea."
Abstract This paper discusses the life and work of Anne Hutchinson, their effects on American society, religious freedom, and feminism. The author examines the role of women in Puritan Massachusetts, and how her religious community viewed her as unorthodox.
From the Paper ?A wife and mother, Hutchinson was also a learned scholar and theologian. Her thoughts on scripture and criticism of the government and religious practices of the Puritan Massachusetts colony sparked a rebellion that continued on and flourished even after her banishment from Puritan society. Hutchinson 's actions are also considered by many to be the beginning of the women's movement and religious diversity.?
Tags: feminism, history, puritain, rebellion, religious, women
Abstract This essay examines the role of women and motherhood during the 1930?s, when the Nazi regime took over Germany. It takes a hard look at the views and opinions about women by the leaders of the Nazi regime.
From the Paper "The Nazi regime's views of what a woman's role should be and what they actually were, were very different. A woman's place was in the home, looking after her husband, her home, and most importantly, her children. The Nazi ideology saw women as inferior to men, a woman should be at home and having children, "Kinder, Kirche, Kuche". Goebbels said ?a woman's primary, rightful, and appropriate place is in the family, and the most wonderful task that she can perform is to present her country and people with children.?[i] The image of marriage and motherhood was sold not only as a benefit to the individual and family but also an obligation to the state. The regime believed in this so much that women could apply for marriage loans, where a woman who was getting married could apply for a marriage loan, on the proviso that she left the job market. "
