This paper examines the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War and argues that Cold War imperatives more than national security led to U.S. this involvement.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, 1990, $ 87.95
From the Paper "This study will examine the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War. The study will consider whether the national interest or Cold War imperatives primarily inspired American involvement in that war, and will argue that Cold War imperatives far more than any true national security interests were responsible for the involvement. The word "imperatives" should be first defined, however. An imperative implies that the United States had no choice but to engage in war in Vietnam, as if the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union (with Communist China thrown in for good measure) required that the United States involve itself in Vietnam to guard against, for example, a collapse into the Communist camp of every nation in Southeast Asia.
In fact, the United States became involved in Vietnam ... "
From the Paper "When Joe McGinniss published his The Selling of the President 1968 in 1969, he shocked the reading public with his expose of how a political campaign was won by the "media manipulators." It was McGinniss's contention that Richard Nixon was marketed as the chief executive for the United States just like Madison Avenue would sell a package of cigarettes. In fact, the original dust cover of the book had that very image: the new president's face on a tobacco pack. It is the thesis of this paper that McGinniss was correct in his assertions, and that the 1968 campaign forever changed the way in which Americans judged and voted for presidential candidates.
McGinniss starts his book off with an epigraph from Nixon himself: "When style and charisma connotes the idea of ... "
From the Paper "In 1936, John Maynard Keynes published a book entitled The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. In economic and political circles, the book was an immediate success, particularly among the new breed of American economists. Not to be immodest, British Keynes wrote a letter to the philosopher George Bernard Shaw stating that, "I believe myself to be writing a book on economic theory which will largely revolutionize . . . the way the world thinks about economic problems". Keynes' theory, and the furor it continues to cause, will be the subject of this paper. The paper will begin with a background analysis of both Keynes and his General Theory. It will then focus on the Keynesian legacy in economics, politics, and intellectualism. Finally, the paper will conclude with an assessment of the General Theory within the context of the modern ... "
The paper examines the global response to Saddam Hussein's 1990 invasion of Kuwait: War crimes history and theory, practical & legal issues of trying Hussein, role of Israel and the United Nations and the U.S..
6,750 words (approx. 27 pages), 9 sources, 1991, $ 135.95
From the Paper "On August 2, 1990, the Iraqi forces of President Saddam Hussein invaded and swiftly occupied the neighboring emirate or principality of Kuwait. The optimistic hope that the largely bloodless Eastern European democratic revolutions of 1989 marked an "end of history" and the beginning of new era of peace and democracy was quite brutally dashed. By invading Kuwait, Saddam was challenging the world. He was in effect asserting that in spite of lofty rhetoric about the rule of law, naked force could still have the final word.
Saddam was asserting this principle, the principle of force, quite apart from any question about the rights or wrongs of his previous diplomatic dispute with Kuwait. It may well be that Iraq had some merit in its claims that were the immediate pretext for the war: Iraqi rights to a waterway into the Persian Gulf, ... "
From the Paper "The English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 is undoubtedly the pivotal event in the annals of European naval history. It marked the transition from the era of ocean piracy and small-scale naval engagements to the era of full scale naval warfare that involved massive national fleets meeting head on in decisive engagements. There are volumes of historical accounts describing the events that occurred during the naval campaigns of 1588. The bulk of these historical accounts has of course been written and published by either English or Spanish historians. The historical account that will be reviewed in this paper is also the product of a British historian. The book that will be reviewed here is Garrett Mattingly's The Armada. Mattingly's approach to his topic is atypical: rather than attempting to confound his readers with numerous charts, graphs, and other ..."
A look at the origins and causes of the Cuban revolution, with a focus on economics, politics, the role of the U.S., bureaucracy, generational conflicts and the armed struggle.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, 1993, $ 55.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to discuss the situation leading to the downfall of Fulgencio Batista, the former dictator of Cuba. This paper will show that, while the United States played a role in exploiting the Cuban people, waste within the Cuban economic and social strata, causing the mistrust of the younger generation, also contributed to the causes of the revolution.
The Cuban revolution happened quite quickly. It occurred between January 1, 1959 and the end of 1960--Batista having fled the country on January 1, 1959. The revolution was comparatively bloodless: although a figure of 20,000 often appears for the number killed by Batista between 1956 and 1958--a figure he vigorously refutes.--the deaths on both sides in the civil war may have been as few as 2,000.. There are many experts who..."
From the Paper "In Black Majority, Peter H. Wood argues that West African slaves impacted the development of South Carolina sharply; rather than exerting a minor influence on labor, West African slaves played a pivotal role in developing the colony's economy. He claims that specific skills localized in the black slave community enhanced the colony's economic prosperity and that slaves played and active role as the ultimate majority in that social and political structure. Moreover, argues Wood, not only would South Carolina's development have been difficult without slave labor; it would have been almost impossible without the know-how the slaves brought with them from West Africa. This paper focuses on the this knowledge and on the expanding role of slavery in the development of South Carolina from the inception of the colony to the period that directly precipitated the ..."
This paper discusses the background, detail and the aftermath of the foreceful eviction of the Cherokee tribe from its ancestoral lands in 1838, an event known as the "Trail of Tears."
Abstract The paper introduces the Cherokee - one of the largest tribes of Native Americans in the United States. It shows how their survival is a tribute to their remarkable resistance since in the harsh winter of 1838 and 1839, the entire Cherokee tribe was threatened with extinction during an event that is known as ?The Trail of Tears.? The paper examines one of the darkest moments in American history, when the Federal troops under the orders of the United States government forcibly evicted the entire Cherokee tribe from their ancestral lands in Georgia to Oklahoma during a cruel 1000 mile forced journey. Out of a total of 16,000 Cherokee people, over 4000 men, women, and children died of hunger, disease, and exposure to the elements on the trail. The paper discusses how "The Trail of Tears" symbolizes the callousness with which the United States government treated the Native Americans due to greed and prejudice inherent in human nature. It covers the background, events and aftermath of the "Trail of Tears."
From the Paper "The Cherokee tribe bravely suffered their ordeal on the Trail of Tears setting to work in their new home. They built homes, schools and churches. They set up a government and named their capital "Tahlequah" that is still the cultural center of the Cherokees and the source of documented evidence of their history. The Indians were on the way of recovery from their ordeal when another devastating event intervened: The American Civil War. The Cherokees aligned themselves with the Confederacy since the South had promised that when the war was over they would be permitted to form their own state. After having supported the British during the American War of Independence, the Cherokee had again chosen the wrong side. So when the North won the Civil War, the Indians, were duly penalized. Most of their lands guaranteed by previous treaties were taken from them and their sad plight continued."
Abstract This paper looks at Frederick Douglass' autobiography which describes his childhood of slavery. It is shown how Douglass confronts the ideas of power, family, knowledge, home, violence, and having a sense of self. The author illustrates how Douglass attempts to warn Americans about the dire effects that slavery is going to have on the whole nation and how his book makes astounding progress in the fight to abolish slavery.
From the Paper "The power a slave owner has over slaves is broad ? Douglass explains how slavery itself narrows opportunities for slaves to have any sense of self. Like many slaves, Douglass did not know his birth date, which strips him of his own identity from a young age. Slave owners purposely withhold this personal information, attempting to keep slaves from feeling human ? they don?t want slaves to have the power of human rights. To the slaveholders, they are just property, like cows, horses and sheep. The slaveholders utilize their power by keeping children away from their parents, too, because any sense of family would have given slaves security, and camaraderie ? both of which could have caused rebellion against the cruelty of slavery. Douglass knew little of his mother, which prevented him from knowing about his history, his ancestry."
Tags: autobiography Douglass, Frederick Abolitionism slave narratives
Abstract This paper elaborates on Islam and its religious politcal history for the past 100 years, including the later part of this century. It offers some insights into what may have given rise to what is now known today as Islamic fundamentalism.
From the Paper "While the roots of political Islam can be traced back to the time of Mohammed, the real impact of Islam as a political ideal came about with the Iranian revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini. The new brand of political Islam that Khomeini brought to Iran was a new, more militant Islam than the world had previously been exposed to. During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Islam was spread as the ideal religion, however, there was room for both branches of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, to practice. There was also a place for Christians and Jews, although it was on the second class level. However, Khomeini's brand of religious zealotry was harsh and dictatorially strict."
Tags: Ayatollah, east, fanaticism, Islam, Muslim, politics, religious
Abstract This paper provides an insight into the Battle at Antietam in 1862 which cost more that 23,000 Union and Confederate lives, known as the "Bloodiest Day" in U.S. combat history. It recounts the events leading up to the battle, the main events during the battle and the impact and significance of the battle upon the Civil War. It analyzes the aftermath of the battle including the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves and further polarized the division between the North and the South.
From the Paper "Several states (Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Kentucky and Maryland) remained as "border" states not pledging their allegiance to either side. The tactical importance of these states was immeasurable to the South; if control could be gained they would act as a stepping stone to the invasion of the North. With the Union still reeling from their defeats at Bull Run, the possibility of victory for the South became a reality therefore setting the stage for the battle at Antietam."
Tags: north, south, confederates, emancipation, proclamation, civil, war, lee
Abstract This paper examines immigration to American in the early to mid-nineteenth century and looks at the causes and consequences of it from a historical, economic, political and geographic perspective. It describes the different periods and the different countries the immigrants came from and the variety of reasons why people from all over the Old World chose to come to America to start a new life for themselves. It outlines the development of various immigration laws and organizations over the years, which regulated immigration and excluded immigrants from particular countries which culminated in what is now known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
From the Paper "There was a variety of reasons why people from all over the Old World chose to come to America to start a new life for themselves. These reasons are known as either "push" factors or "pull" factors. War, unemployment, and famine are examples of push factors. The ability to get cheap, fertile new land in America was a pull factor. "To many, probably the majority, economic freedom made an even greater appeal than political freedom" (Hansen, p. 160)."
Abstract Pope John XXIII was a supposed to be a transitional pope, but instead he became one of the most influencial popes in the history of the Church. He called the important and famous Second Vatican Council with the main emphasis being on 'aggiornamento', which means 'an updating.' This paper discusses the need for an updating within the Church, and also the role that updating played in the Church.
From the Paper "Pope John XXIII was elected to be a transitional pope; he was seventy-six years old when he was elected to the position. He had succeeded Pope Pius XII, a man whom was considered by some to be a Nazi-sympathizer because of his silence during the Holocaust. John XXIII was seen as a frail, old man, so it was much to everyone's surprise when he called for a Second Vatican Council. John XXIII made the announcement on January 25, 1959, but he remained very vague about his intentions of the council. He made the announcement after a Christian-unity celebration in St. Paul's Basilica. (1) After his announcement, Catholics understood his plans as calling for a council of unity; John XXIII assured them that it wouldn?t be a council of unity, but rather a council that would serve the cause of unity. One of the long-term goals would be Christian unity. Another point that was made was the council might represent a new beginning for the Catholic Church."
Abstract Discusses the study of film as a post-modern event. Defines the aesthetic values & dynamics of modernism and post-modernism. Post-Modernism as a cultural, aesthetic & historical issue. Structuralist thinking. Development of post-modern material and fragmented surface style in film. Examples: CONTEMPT, RESEVOIR DOGS, PULP FICTION.
From the Paper "Movements in artistic expression often occur spontaneously and are then given a name to identify a perceived trend. This is clearly the case with reference to both modernism and postmodernism, and the very fact that we have seen a need to find a name for the changed environment after 1960 shows that postmodernism exists in some degree--it exists because we have named it, but that does not make it any more a coherent or "intentional" movement than was modernism. In film terms, postmodernism primarily shows a certain weariness with modernism rather than a drive to something clearly new. The elevation of film to a subject for study is itself a postmodern event, signaling as it does the end of the modernist division into High and Low culture. The increasingly self-reflexive nature of modern film along with the elevation of style over substance are..."
Abstract Discusses changing labor management and relations in China. Impact of membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Availability of large pool of labor. Employee-employer relations. Unions. Worker's Councils. Profit sharing. Working conditions. Fringe benefits. Hours worked; holidays and vacations. Termination of employees. Foreign personnel; work permits.
From the Paper "Labor Relations in China
Labor Relations
The concepts of labor management and labor relations as they are understood in the Western World are basically unrealized in China today, although that situation is changing rapidly, and, most experts agree, will probably change more as China become fully vested as a World Trade Organization member.
Availability of Labor
According to a special report on labor in China, as of June 1, 2000, there were more than 200 million people earning work wages, and half of them are affiliated with labor unions. However, those wages typically average $20 to $30 U.S. a week. Likewise, most of the available labor is moving to the cities along the coasts, where the wages are higher, sometimes reaching $400 a month. There is, the ..."
