Abstract This paper looks at how difficult it was for the Romans to accept the Christian religion and how they gradually tried to suppress it and how Christianity was still able to spread throughout the world. It includes specific historical dates, events, places and people such as Alexander the Great, the Jewish states, persecutions during Jesus? ministry, Herod the Great and Pontius Pilate, and Nero, the emperor of Rome trying to rid the empire of Christianity. The paper concludes by talking about Constantine and how he proclaimed the Edict Toleration.
From the Paper "The Christian religion was hard for the Romans to accept at first. A historical person had conquered death and promised a blessed afterlife to all who believed in him. The new faith demanded that every believer practice love and justice in new communities made up of Jew and Greek, slave and free, male and female, rich and poor, educated and ignorant. Christians had no temples or other holy places, no priests, no ordinary sacrifices, no oracles, or any visible gods. They had no initiations; they made no pilgrimages, did not practice divination, would not venerate the emperor, and challenged the final authority of the father (or oldest male) in family life. Christians were accused of being atheists who undermined traditional society."
Abstract This paper explains the origins of hatred in the Middle East linking it to the U.S. Foreign Policy. The author cites examples of US involvement in the region -- emphasizing the US's bias towards Israel over its neighboring countries, Jordan, Egypt etc.
From the Paper "It is said that U.S. Foreign Policy is to blame for widespread anti-Americanism in the Middle Eastern nations and regions. Major policy critics and politicians for instance Zunes, Chomsky, Telhami, and Blum brought up many important issues that are directly linked to the foreign policy. Political and military actions taken by the United States in the past raised much disapproval and hate in the Muslim world population and planted a cause for the formation of Islamic extremist groups and their followers."
Abstract This paper reports on the Scottsboro lynching of 1930. The case of the Scottsboro Boys was one that showed the tensions between Northerners and Southerners, blacks and whites, poor and wealthy, Communists and Capitalists. The author argues that in midst of these important issues that surrounded this case, many forget the nine young boys, the real victims of this tragedy, a battle of passions, prejudices and propaganda.
From the Paper "Few cases stirred up as much controversy and high emotions among the American people in the 1930's as the one of the "Scottsboro Boys". The case of the nine black boys accused of raping two white women in Alabama produced many retrials, convictions and reversals that followed for two decades after the first trial. The proceedings of the case embodied many issues existing in the country during this period of the Great Depression. The struggle for justice of the innocent young men heightened the major tensions and illustrated the threat of a social, Communist revolution, unrest along race lines, and divisions and hostility between the North and South, the core themes of the decade."
The paper compares and contrasts two versions of Mary with Child mosaics styles. The author pays special attention to historical and cultural influences on their artistic styles.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, 2002, $ 43.95
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts two mosaics depicting Mary and Jesus-one medieval, the other Byzantine. The author discusses their stylistic differences, the severity and stoicism versus warmness and emotion, and examines Christianity as seen through religious art in both societies.
From the Paper "The Medieval era produced many important art pieces ? many of which contained reference to religious figures. Because religion did, in fact, play such an important role in everyday life, religious art abounded throughout Europe . However, depending upon the area of the continent and which religion its inhabitants believed in, artists portrayed similar religious scenes in varying ways. In particular, Byzantine and Medieval pieces contained identical figures or scenes portrayed in very different ways due to the respective religion's influence on the artist. Comparison of two mosaics depicting Virgin and Child will show fundamental stylistic differences between Byzantine and Medieval art."
This paper looks at the mythology behind the ancient Egyptian icon, the Sphinx, her role as fierce protector, and sacred guardian of the Great Pyramid.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, 2001, $ 39.95
Abstract This paper examines the legends and historical revolution, and characteristics of the Sphinx, ancient Egypt's protector from outsiders. The author discusses how the creature defined Egyptian civilization, how it would terrorize outsiders with her famous riddle, and how she was revered by Egypt as a sacred figure.
From the Paper "When we think of Egyptian art we immediately think of the monumental pyramids and inscrutable sphinxes, Shaw-Eagle 1999. Ancient Egypt has fascinated outsiders ever since Herodotus, the fifth- century-BC Greek historian, visited a civilization already thousands of years old. And the artistic splendors that captivated him -- the Great Pyramids, Sphinx and statues of the Old Kingdom , 2650 to 2150 BC -- still define Egyptian civilization in the Western mind. A monument for the Sphinx is found at Tanis in the form of the Large Sphinx. Made from pink granite it depicts the Pharaoh with a lion's body. Sphinx in Greek showed a sort of monster, and in Egypt they represented the protection for the passages in religious buildings."
Abstract This essay discusses the importance of women in ancient Egyptian society in Gay Robin's book "Women in Ancient Egypt". The author examines strong royal women such as Nefertiti, and Nefertiti, and discusses women in Egyptian art. The paper also looks at the subordination of females in Egyptian society, but also how they were honored by their families.
From the Paper:
"Dr. Robins, curator of Egyptian art for the Carlos Museum, reevaluates the roles and importance of women in ancient Egyptian society as depicted in the art and written records of the time. The special role of women in religious rites is also surveyed. Women in Ancient Egypt is a book that shows us what the archaeological riches of Egypt really say about how the women of Egypt lived, both in the public and private eye."??
From the Paper "Dr. Robins, curator of Egyptian art for the Carlos Museum , reevaluates the roles and importance of women in ancient Egyptian society as depicted in the art and written records of the time. The special role of women in religious rites is also surveyed. Women in Ancient Egypt is a book that shows us what the archaeological riches of Egypt really say about how the women of Egypt lived, both in the public and private eye."
Abstract This paper takes an in-depth look at the life of feminist Vera Brittain through analyzing her autobiography, "Testament of Youth". The author discusses Brittain's experiences during World War I, her relationships, and her frustrating struggle as a female attempting to enter a male-dominated university while also working as a nurse."
From the Paper:
"Vera Brittain's education, social background and war experiences greatly affected her attitudes about life and her relationships with the various people in her life. She had enough courage and conviction in her principles to believe that a woman's point-of-view was worthy of being recorded during this period. Many feminists have developed due to turning to education, careers or writing in order to free themselves from the limitations of their place, time and gender. In this way, Brittain's obscurity, youth and sex are reaffirmed by her construction of her life, so that others might view who and what she is."
Abstract This book review gives Azug's historical documentation on America's role during the holocaust. It examines the context precluding the holocaust in European anti-Semitism, and how America sometimes ignored the truth during the holocaust.
From the paper:
"This book allows us to examine what exactly Americans knew about the Holocaust while it was happening and what and when did the United States and Americans know about Hitler's horrific Final Solution? It asks Americans to ask themselves why was there no intervention by linking historical narrative to primary, contemporary sources. Abzug both chronicles the events in Nazi Germany and examines the resurgence of anti-Semitism across the world, linking the tightening of immigration policies in the United States to fears of contamination by lesser races ? a philosophy not that different from Hitler's own."
This paper gives the arguments both for and against slavery in 1863, and shows how Fredrick Douglass' autobiography destroyed the pro-slavery argument.
Abstract This is a research essay that deals with Fredrick Douglass historically as the man who was finally able to convince the general public and President Lincoln of the evils of slavery. It is also a literary analysis of Fredrick Douglass? work, specifically "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass: An American Slave". It begins with the pro-slavery argument, and shows how Fredrick Douglass shattered all aspects of this argument with both his stories about his life as a slave and the fact that he was as powerful an orator as any white man in his time.
From the Paper "The pro-slavery argument, which declared that the Negro is inferior to a white man and that his natural abilities suited him for slavery, managed to secure the status and wealth of those who benefited economically from the institution for the time it existed after the Revolution, despite the moral arguments against it. Abolitionists, people against slavery, from the North toiled with no avail for years to abolish the system that had corrupted the minds of so many American citizens. However, it was not until the coming of the first great African-American speaker and abolitionist, Fredrick Douglass, which the planter aristocracy lost their influence and slavery finally fell to pieces with the end of the Civil War."
This paper explains the economic, political and military reasons for the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War that occurred after the 1917 revolution.
Abstract This paper examines the strengths of Soviet organization, as well as the weakness of the Whites, who were backed by western intervention. The paper looks at measures taken, such as "War Communism" used to supply food to the army and the ruthless structure of communist forces, which lead to the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War.
From the Paper "In 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks, known as the Communists or Reds, had seized control over Petrograd and Moscow quite easily. However, they controlled only part of Russia and many groups opposed them. Could they hang on to power? The Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries and supporters of the Tsar said they had no right to rule. Collectively, these opponents became known as the Whites. The Whites were opposed to the Reds for two main reasons: they seized the land, property and factories of the well off and they attacked religious beliefs. By the end of 1918 civil war had broken out in Russia between the Whites and the Reds. The Whites were supported from abroad by the Allies; Britain, France, the USA and Japan. The Allies opposed Lenin in retaliation for his Brest-Litovsk peace treaty with Germany in March 1918. They had also lost capital and property as the Reds refused to repay loans which had been made to the Tsar's government, and had nationalised foreign owned businesses' in Russia without compensation. Yet, despite a large number of anti-Bolshevik groups within Russia, who were backed by the most powerful countries in the world, the Bolsheviks did eventually win the Russian Civil War. But why?"
Tags: civil, communist, lenin, russia, trotsky, war, bolshevik, economic, political, military
This research paper is a description of the progression of the Manhattan Project, the undercover name for the building of the first atomic bomb by scientists.
Abstract This is a detailed study describing the progression of the Manhattan Project and the invention of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. The author sees two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The author concludes that the building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century.
From the Paper "We have too many men of science, too few men of God. We have grasped the mystery of the atom and rejected the Sermon of the Mount...The world has achieved brilliance without wisdom, power without conscience. Ours is a world of nuclear giants and ethical infants. We know more about war than we know about peace, more about killing than we know about living...? stated General Omar N. Bradley, Chief of Staff of the United States Army in 1948, voicing the opinion, shared by many of the time, towards the building of the atomic bomb. The "Manhattan Project" was a code name given to the efforts and collaboration of many scientists to build the first atom bomb. There were two major challenges that faced the team of highly capable scientists. The first was the actual production of the atom bomb. This involved actually making innovative discoveries that would revolutionize war and change man's idea of war for good. The second involved all of the ethical debates on whether or not the bomb should have actually been used in warfare. The project lasted from 1942-1946 and cost approximately 1.8 billion dollars, which is comparable to 20 billion dollars today. The building of the atomic bomb proved to be the most pivotal advance seen by science up until the early twentieth century."
Tags: Manhattan, Project, World, War, II, atomic, bomb, invention
Abstract This paper examines the dynamics and underlying causes of the Japanese economic revival that has occurred since the end of World War II, looking both at its economic components (such as the shift from agricultural to high-tech sectors) as well as the demographic and cultural elements that are just as important for understanding the Japanese economy.
From the Paper "The Japanese economic miracle is complex and can only be explained by looking to political, cultural, and economic reasons. It rests on the government's taking responsibility for social welfare, vocational training, and education. It rests on the responsibility taken by both consumers and producers for economic prosperity. It rests on the government's decision to concentrate on high-quality and high-technology products designed for domestic and foreign consumption and on the government's building stable, economically advanced trading partners to replace the Asian markets to which inexpensive textiles had been
sent earlier. A number of factors have greatly aided Japan's economic resurgence that began in the 1950s and has continued since then, among them (ironically) the complete destruction of the nation's industrial base by the war. This meant that Japan's new factories, using the latest developments in technology, were often more efficient than those of their foreign competitors. With the addition of a youthful and well-educated workforce, a high domestic savings rate that provided ample capital, and an activist government and bureaucracy that provided guidance, support, and subsidies, the ingredients were in place for rapid and sustained economic growth."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed understanding of the life and accomplishments of Golda Meir, Israel's first woman prime minister. The writer takes the reader through an exploration of Meir's life and the accomplishments that she is credited for.
From the Paper "Our history is peppered with leaders who made a difference. It is only in recent years however that women began to smash the political glass ceiling and begin making differences in the way the world is run. One of the most influential female world leaders of all time didn't wait for others to break the glass ceiling. She barged right through it as if it wasn't there. Golda Meir was an inspiration to all she came in contact with. From her poverty stricken childhood to her career that made her famous Meir had perseverance and fortitude that made her the Prime Minister of Israel that she was."
Tags: female, inspire, leader, prime, minister, israel
Abstract The following essay discusses the three main causes that led to a decline in the need of products and services after the war, the lack of funds and the stock market crash in 1929.
From the Paper There are multiple factors that led to the great depression but the three main causes were a decline in the need of products and services after the war, the lack of founds in the consumer's hands, and the stock market crash in 1929. While some believe a certain reason is to blame, all played a part in the collapse of the American economy.
Abstract This paper examines Franklin D. Roosevelt's four consecutive terms in office. It gives a chronological tale of the main events during his presidency and how he dealt with them, as well as his major achievements and changes that he made. The paper details several incidents in which FDR managed to strengthen the government and the presidency and fight against corruption.
From the Paper "As a president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt left an indelible mark of the progress of United States history. He was the only president to have been elected four consecutive terms, and it was only his death that prevented him from running for a fifth. He utterly changed the role of the presidency in American politics, moving the executive branch into a role of increased power and importance.
"FDR's presidency began at a time of great hardship for America. Unemployment stood at 25% of the work force, industrial production was down to nearly nothing, and banks were closing left and right. People who had work their entire life to put aside a small savings often saw that money entirely lost by the collapse of yet another bank or stock. The situation was remarkable dreary."
