Abstract This paper discusses the new methods that are currently being utilized that may further assist in the reduction of post-treatment effluent to a level that would not be considered hazardous to humans. The paper focuses on exploring new technologies that may help to reduce the effluent levels that are currently being introduced into the Moira River. The paper further explores new technologies that may be applicable to the reduction of arsenic at the Deloro Mine site.
Outline:
Commonly Used Remediation Techniques
A Review of New and Innovative Technologies
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Which Technology is Currently Being used to Treat Arsenic at the Deloro Mines?
Conclusion
From the Paper "As one can see, there are a number of treatment options available for the removal of arsenic in groundwater. There is no single best solution that will result in maximum results at all sites. These technologies are often combined to meet the needs of each individual situation. Treatment at the Deloro Mine uses chemical coagulation followed by sedimentation to process the effluent that will eventually be dumped back into the Moira River.The newest innovation in arsenic treatment was announced February 8, 2008 by AdEdge Technologies. This company has released a specialty adsorbent filtration system specifically designed to remove arsenic from water (Thern Inc., 2008). This technology has been awarded a grant for testing at three US sites. After testing is complete, this technology will be ready to market. This is the first filtration system specifically designed for arsenic, rather than general contaminants or metals. "
Abstract The paper notes that heavy metals pose devastating health risks to humans. The paper comments that methods for removing heavy metals from water has become the focus of the development of remediation technologies and that permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are the latest technology to be investigated for a multitude of site applications. This technology appeals to the "green" side of groundwater remediation and represents the newest attempts at large scale, low-cost technology for heavy metals and a variety of other contaminants. PRB's are in situ methods for purifying ground water that has been contaminated with a variety of substances. The paper discusses the introduction of this system, its applications, advantages and disadvantages.
Outline:
Introduction
Case Studies
Advantages/Disadvantages
Issues That Could be Encountered with Full-Scale Implementation
Cost Analysis
Alternatives to Technology
Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper "Another key advantage is that it is highly customizable to the needs of the site. The configuration of the membrane can be modified to fit the hydrogeology of the site. The ability to customize PRBs makes it suitable for a number of sites where other technologies may be inappropriate. One of the key disadvantages of the technology is that it can take a long time before a reduction in contaminant will be noticed. This is particularly true where the natural water flow of the site is slow. There may be some species that are not cleaned by the system. The system must be maintained and repaired as needed. The technology is so new that no one knows how long the barrier will last before it has to be replaced."
Abstract This paper examines how the permeability of soil affects soil and rock parameters. The author explains porosity in soil and discusses how the ratio or air, water and clay in soil affect its parameters. The paper defines several soil types and discusses the characteristics of each soil classification. The paper also examines external and human factors that can alter the characteristic of soil. The paper then discusses aquifers and ground water and explains how this information, when used with a good knowledge of soil porosity and permeability, can be a great tool for having and maintaining an adequate amount of water for people. Figures are included in this paper.
From the Paper "Consequently, identifying the presence of these two regions containing soils that can readily retain moisture is extremely significant. This is because this data is imperative for the purposes of not only measuring the moisture capacity of the soil itself but in assessing accurately the potentiality for leaching through the addition of agricultural chemicals added."
Abstract This paper discusses the geology of the Alps, a system of mountains in Europe. The author provides a short historical background on the Alps region taking note of the various natural hazards that have affected the mountains. The paper also examines the complex geology of the region and looks into global warming and geologically historical events such as the continental collision of oceanic volcanic islands and earthquakes to help classify the mountains.
From the Paper "Orogeny is being produced by plate tectonic events that happened during the early years of the world. This process could take tens of millions of years. A major part of the Alpine orogen consists of pre-Mesozoic basement units. It can easily be distinguished from the mountain range because it is characterized as long, thin, and arcuate tracks of rocks which show a pronounced linear structure resulting in blocks of deformed rocks. The rocks are separated by a break in the earth's crust, which was believed to be the result of compressional forces. The plate tectonic origin was a major breakthrough and was relatively one among the many scientific concepts which provided explanations to the occurrence of earthquake and volcanic eruptions."
Abstract The paper discusses global warming and notes that without a change in the path of our lifestyles and consumption habits, humanity will face a rather bleak environmental future. The paper notes that man's industrial abuse of the environment affects this discussion on the topic of global warming and the damage to the environment by our industrialization, our consumption and our outright destruction of ecological systems. The paper touches upon the underlying causes of global warming and the impact of marine life changes on the broader global survival scheme and system of ecology.The paper also points out that one must recognize the human factors which have stimulated this pattern and acknowledge this reality, or it becomes feasible to view this as some sort of natural phenomenon.
From the Paper "The response time to existing evidence in our marine life has been extraordinarily slow, if not most often outright regressive. In 1994, roughly a decade before consensus had come to establish with some degree of incontrovertible and demonstrable evidence that global warming is occurring, Vitousek observed that "while ecologists involved in management or policy often are advised to learn to deal with uncertainty, there are a number of components of global environmental change of which we are certain--certain that they are going on, and certain that they are human-caused. Some of these are largely ecological changes, and all have important ecological consequences. In 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency released a report on the effects and reality of global warming. In the investigative commission that yielded the findings, an admission was submitted that there is no way to fully determine how much of the planet's climatic change has been due to natural variation in whether and temperature patterns. However, the report did assert the certainty that global warming is in large part due to human behavior and environmental practices."
Abstract In this article, the writer introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of Hurricane Katrina's impact on America. Specifically, the writer discusses the hurricane's impact on the environment. The writer notes that Hurricane Katrina's impact on New Orleans, the Gulf Coast and the nation is still being assessed. The writer points out that this was one of the nation's worst natural disasters and many survivors of Katrina have left the New Orleans area forever. The writer maintains that the long-term effects of the chemicals, oil spills, massive landfills and other environmental aspects of Katrina should be studied in order to learn how to protect our environment from disasters in the future. The writer concludes that the environmental impact of the storm will be felt for decades throughout the Gulf Coast.
From the Paper "One aspect of this chemical nightmare really did not get that much attention, but the oil spills from Katrina rivaled the oil spills of the 1989 Exxon Valdez disaster, but they were not contained or cleaned up nearly as easily. Studies show there were at least 44 oil spills around the area, with two major spills, totally several million gallons each. After the Exxon Valdez disaster, it seems just about everyone knows the incredible damage an oil spill can do. Pictures of birds, fish, and other animals killed by spills are vivid reminders of how pervasive an oil spill can be. In this case, spills took place in neighborhoods, too, and that includes oil and other chemicals leaking from all the submerged cars. There was a sheen of oil all over the floodwaters of New Orleans, and most of it ended up in Lake Pontchartrain or the Gulf Coast. There were many wetlands devastated by the oil spills, and no one was allowed back into their communities until it had all been cleaned up, a process that sometimes took months or even years."
Abstract The paper refers to a well-known advertisement from the diamond industry which emphasizes that diamonds are forever, but the marketing may be superfluous because the demand for diamonds in the United States remains strong today. The paper notes that many observers, though, suggest that the diamond industry in the United States is being manipulated by international terrorist organizations to fund their operations at home and abroad. Others suggest that the market is being unfairly controlled by the major players in the diamond industry to keep supplies low to maintain current pricing levels. The paper provides the background and an overview of the global diamond industry, followed by some salient facts concerning this industry. The paper discusses the most and least dominant firms (in terms of size, investments and income) in the diamond industry which is followed by an analysis of how major players in the industry collude to keep diamond supplies on the world market low and prices high. A summary of the research and important findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Facts about the International Diamond Industry
Most and Least Dominant Firms in the Diamond Industry
Conclusion
From the Paper " The Central Selling Organization (CSO) buys the rough from mines owned or controlled by De Beers, from cartel members, and also from independent producers. As a result, much of world production flows through the CSO to be sorted, valued, and ultimately resold" . By sharp contrast, perhaps the least dominant firm in the diamond industry, especially in the United States, is the Crater of Diamonds State Park located in near Murfreesboro, Arkansas, the only diamond mine in the country that allows the public, for a modest price, to dig for and keep the diamonds they find. Other firms in the United States involved in the diamond industry include the New York Diamond Dealers Club, which is a 2000-member private organization for site holders, manufacturers, wholesalers, and brokers".
Abstract This paper investigates if the ancient seafloor ridges, Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge, are features of old subduction zones or hotspot tracks. After reviewing four articles, the paper concludes that there still is much to be learned about the formation, age and tectonic truths of ancient seafloor ridges like Bowers and Shirshov. The paper indicates that the evidence points to these ridges having been formed by volcanic activity, such as hotspots and spreading, but, at this time, they are likely subduction zones.
Table of Contents:
Are the Shirshov Rise and Bowers Ridge Features Old Subduction Zones or Hotspot Tracks?
Article: "Shock Dynamics: Alaska" (http://www.newgeology.us)
But, is Bowers Ridge An Old Subduction Zone?
Article: B. Steinberger et. al. "Plate-Tectonic Reconstructions Predict Part of the Hawaiian Hotspot Track to be Preserved in the Bering Sea"
What is the Hawaiian-Emperor Chain?
So are the Bowers and Shirshov Rises or Ridges Old Subduction Zones?
Article: D. Scholl. "Viewing the Tectonic Evolution of the Kamchatka-Aleutian (KAT) Connection with an Alaska Crustal Extrusion Perspective"
Article: B. Hubbard "The Disappearing Island"
Conclusion
From the Paper "Following that formation of a strike-slip zone, the separate Shirshov and Bowers Ridge "developed from the originally continuous and straight strike-slip zone." And that "supposed" oceanic plateau was originally part of the Hawaiian hotspot, Steinberger believes. The reconstruction of ancient geologic events, as Steinberger and his colleague Carmen Giana have suggested, including plate motion in the Bering Sea, means that Alaska may have "accommodated" the westward movement of the Bering Sea in relation to the North American plate."
This paper reviews the article entitled: "Mount St. Helens: A Case Study of Managing for Change in Wildland Recreation" written by Alan Ewert and published by the USDA Forest Service in Riverside, California.
Abstract In this paper, the writer notes that Alan Ewert writes that the study of Mount St. Helens has provided a case that is interesting in terms of forest and wildland study because Mount St. Helens has undergone radical alteration in recent years. The writer explains that changes in this wildland area are due to volcanic activity. The writer reviews the work of Ewert and discusses whether an impact on wildland recreation management decisions is indicated. The writer then discusses how might a manager integrate this research into site management, according to Ewert. Further, the writer discusses the recommendations for the research in terms of making the research more applicable to wildland recreation management.
Outline:
Overview
Introduction
Research Questions
Literature Review
Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper Recreation area management is stated by Ewert to function under the supposition that the recreational opportunities are created by management with users response being favorable or unfavorable in nature to the opportunities that the manger presents.
"Toward this end, uppermost areas of the mountain were given the classifications of: (1) primitive; and (2) semi-primitive areas. Restrictions were placed on developments that were man-made and the criteria for the number who were allowed to climb at one time were reduced. Ewert states that through limitations of the number who could climb, which was set at 100 per day ..."
Abstract The paper relates that, in 1930, the Lowell Observatory announced the discovery of the ninth planet, Pluto, but then, in 2006, the scientific community decided that Pluto would lose its status as a planet. The paper then explains that this decision was based on the scientific community's discovery that Pluto is more akin to the making of an asteroid than it is to a planet. The paper also looks at the opinion of people who think Pluto should still be a planet and posits that the many questions about Pluto will be answered when the New Horizons space satellite arrives at Pluto in 2015.
From the Paper "In 1930, the Lowell Observatory announced the discovery of a small planetary body beyond the planet Neptune (Gingerich, 2007, 137). It was named Pluto, following the suggestion of a young girl who thought that name was right because the first two letters incorporated the initials of the scientist for whom the Lowell Observatory was named for (Gingerich, 137). In hindsight, the rush to bestow planetary status on the tiny heavenly body was perhaps more a need for the Lowell Observatory to have a role in the discovery of something scientifically significant than in something that met the standards of scientific theory and research."
Abstract The paper discusses the strange disappearance of a group of United States naval airplanes just after World War Two in the vast expanse of ocean that is bounded by the Bahamas and the Straits of Florida, the Azores and the numerous islands of the Caribbean. The paper goes on to show how the popular version of events is at odds with official investigations into this occurrence; popular theories dismiss scientific explanations such as mechanical compass failures, fuel leaks, and human inexperience and instead look to extraterrestrials, and especially to the denizens of the lost ancient civilization of Atlantis. The paper concludes that there is little hard evidence to support the existence of any unusual phenomena in the area at all, let alone to attribute those phenomena to explanations that themselves depend on speculations.
From the Paper "One of the enduring mysteries of our times, the Bermuda Triangle has captured imaginations for nearly sixty years. Though vague stories of the phenomena associated with the area date back centuries, the region first attracted widespread attention with an article in 1950 concerning the disappearance of a group of United States naval airplanes just after World War Two. The account would be similar to the many that would follow: planes or ships mysteriously disappear in the vast roughly triangular expanse of ocean that is bounded by the Bahamas and the Straits of Florida, the Azores, and the numerous islands of the Caribbean. As with the five naval airplanes of Flight 19 that disappeared in 1945, the objects simply vanish with little or no warning, no remains ever being found, nor any clue as to why the craft should leave behind no trace of their existence."
Abstract The paper discusses the many incidents attributed to the Bermuda Triangle (BT) where ships and planes disappeared without a trace. The paper attempts to discover whether this vast area of ocean is really haunted by some cosmic force, or whether it is just a place in the ocean given to sudden violent storms, rough seas and erratic wind conditions. The paper looks at the evidence and offers an explanation, which maintains that the methane ice beneath the Bermuda Triangle may help to explain some of the disappearances.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Conclusion
From the Paper "It seems worthy to review of some of the claims about unusual events linked to the BT in terms of providing needed background. According to the Encyclopedia of the Unusual & Unexplained (EUU) strange events in the BT date back to the days of Christopher Columbus. In his first voyage from Europe to the New World, it has been reported that Columbus' compass readings "were askew" within the area now known as the BT. Also, Columbus and his crew were supposedly "confused by shallow areas of sea with no land nearby."
"Gaddis went on to turn his article into a book, Invisible Horizons: True Mysteries of the Sea in 1965. In Gaddis' book, according to EUU, he provided in-depth detail about nine incidents that remained mysteries at that time. When the National Geographic magazine carried a story about Gaddis' book, many newspapers began running stories about the triangle. Several things followed Gaddis' book that brought continuing attention to the triangle. A book called Limbo of the Lost (by John Wallace Spencer) came out in 1969 and a film documentary, The Devil's Triangle was released in 1971."
Abstract This paper contrasts the weather on Mars and Venus with the weather on Earth. The paper first reveals that Mars is a desert planet of extremes that can be exceedingly cold and enormously windy, while Venus is a planet covered in clouds and extremely hot. The paper then relates that, while both planets have several weather-related events that are quite similar to Earth, there are major differences, as well. The paper believes that eventually, scientists may discover a way for humans to survive, or at least visit, these remarkable planets that are "right next door."
From the Paper "Mars weather resembles the Earth's weather in many respects. Clouds form on the planet on occasion, and they are usually made up of ice crystals or carbon dioxide. The ice crystals come from Mars polar ice caps, but since Mars is a desert, it seems that these ice crystals rarely fall back to the planet in the form of rain. Storms are also quite common on Mars, and there have even been sightings and photographs of cyclones and other major storm disturbances on the planet, just as we have here on Earth."
This paper discusses how scientists predict the number of hurricanes expected during a season as well as the development and motion of a single hurricane.
Abstract The paper looks at the role of observation in hurricane forecasting by satellites ships, buoys, reconnaissance aircraft, radiosondes and radar. The paper then relates that scientists use complicated computer models to chart the storm's intensity and progress and issue warnings to the public. The paper discusses the prediction models available and shows how it is extremely difficult to forecast hurricanes totally correctly throughout the hurricane season, since there are still too many variables in gathering and analyzing the data that is available.
From the Paper "Observation is the first element of hurricane forecasting, and it includes several methods of observing and tracking hurricanes and tropical storms that could develop into hurricanes. Observation begins when the predicted storms are far away from land and still far out to sea (all hurricanes form over oceans). The first method of observation is satellites, or the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). These satellites are used to provide a wide variety of data on the forming hurricanes, such as "location, size, movement, and intensity of a storm, and analyze its surrounding environment" ("Observations"). In addition, the satellites emit radiation that reflects from the atmosphere, which allows the satellite to measure moisture, winds, atmospheric temperature, and cloud cover of the storm. All of this data is transmitted to the NHC, where it is analyzed."
Abstract The spreading of the seafloor under the Red Sea offers researchers a chance to study several important areas of science and apply what is learned to a better understanding of earth, earth's history, and perhaps other planets in the Solar System such as Mars. This paper reviews and examines existing science related to the tectonic plates (African and Arabian plates) beneath the Red Sea, the explanation for their movement apart and the dynamics of the hydrothermal activities that are part of the plate spreading itself. The Red Sea is of particular interest to scientists and this paper provides thorough reviews of the research conducted to date and examines why that research is of great value to science and to an understanding of how the Earth was formed. This paper includes figures and pictures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Red Sea Geologic Evolution
Spreading Seafloor Dynamics Beneath the Oceans and Seas
Red Sea Rupturing: Recent Research
Red Sea Hydrothermal Processes: Link to Life and Link to Mars
Recent Red Sea Science: Discussion
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "The Red Sea has become a geologic destination of preference for many scientists who are interested in plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, hydrothermal dynamics, the creation of minerals are ores from undersea activities, and more. As research continues using the latest technologies, students and other interested individuals will become informed and enlightened about the Red Sea and the implications for other undersea areas. It is vital for the health and well-being of the citizens on the planet for scientists and scholars to learn as much as possible about how the earth was formed and what it is doing at this stage in its evolution. The Red Sea is unlocking some of those mysteries, and will continue to reveal answers about the sea and the changing planet as time moves forward."
