Abstract
Rwanda is a mountainous and landlocked country south of the equator. It is one of Africa's smallest countries. The country is marked by a chain of volcanoes, the Virunga Mountains, in the north.

From the Paper
"Rwanda is a mountainous and landlocked country south of the equator. It is one of Africa's smallest countries. The country is marked by a chain of volcanoes, the Virunga Mountains, in the north. The country also has a rich and varied wildlife which includes elephants, lions, chimpanzees, antelopes, zebras, and rare mountain gorillas, and the animals are protected in national parks and reserves. Probably the most troublesome area in sub-Saharan Africa today is Rwanda, where beginning in 1994 an ethnic conflict has led to the slaughter of perhaps 800,000 Tutsis by the Hutus. France has been involved on the side of the Hutus and has never sought to apologize, admit any fault, or even publicly question its backing of the Hutu dominated regime before, during, and after the massacre. Recently, though, in the face of mounting national and international criticism, including ..."

Abstract
This paper discusses the theory of global positioning satellites, illustrating the technology behind the system. The history of global positioning satellites is outlined, describing the first global positioning system, the transmission functions and the reception of information from global positioning satellites. The paper presents the advantages of the global positioning satellites system.

From the Paper
"As the name suggests, the global positioning satellite system is based on satellites. It is a navigational system that comprises of a complex arrangement of satellites that orbit round the earth. Twenty-four in all, these satellites are eleven thousand nautical miles far in space. There are six dissimilar orbits wherein the satellites continually keep revolving. It takes these satellites twenty-four hours to complete two orbital revolutions round the Earth. Upon calculation, the revolutionary speed of these satellites is computed to be around 2,600 meters per second (JA-GPS.com)."

Tags: navigational, space, orbit, receivers, transmittors, almanac, ephemeris, pseudo-random, data

From the Paper
"All the colonial cities of the United States were seaports. All were essentially commercial communities seeking wealth by foreign trade. It was the profits from pursuits such as maritime trade plus the profits derived from the increase in land values and from local expenditures by government which permitted their eventual growth. The river cities of the Mississippi would repeat this same process in the years from 1800 to 1850, the difference being that the entire process would be vastly speeded up so that, whereas it took a city like Philadelphia more than 90 years to grow from 0 to 50,000, it required Cincinnati only 40 years to reach the same size.. Like the colonial cities, the six major river cities--Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville, Memphis, St. Louis, New Orleans--all were maritime in orientation. Their primary distinctions were simply that they had landings rather ... "

Tags: HISTORY: U.S. (Before 1865), URBAN STUDIES, TRANSPORTATION: RAILROADS

From the Paper
"The years following the Civil War ushered in the modern era of cities. It was during the half century between the Civil War and World War I that the move from the country to the city took place. In 1860, less than a quarter of the American population lived in a city or town; by 1890 the figure had reached a third; by 1910, nearly half.

The urbanization of late 19th century America took place at a staggering pace. Chicago, for example, doubled its population every decade but one between 1850 and 1890, growing from 30,000 to over a million in little more than a generation. Los Angeles jumped from less than 5,000 in 1860 to more than 100,000 in 1900, and Denver from nothing at all to 134,000, while Memphis with 23,000 in the earlier year exceeded 100,000 in the latter. In the nation as a whole, the proportion of people living in towns ... "

From the Paper
"Thunderstorms are impressive and terrifying natural phenomena. Rattling the earth with sharp, explosive sounds of thunder, and lighting up the sky with electric bolts of lightning. As Mark Twain once said, "Thunder is good, thunder is impressive, but it's lightning that does the work."

Thunderstorms are defined in terms of their electrical manifestations which in fact are a product of the storm itself. The development of a thunderstorm is a continuous process but there are three recognizable stages through which the storm goes ((Hidore).

The first stage is the cumulus stage. During this stage cumulus clouds become larger and taller. There is a general updraft throughout the cloud formation and condensation in the form of water particles. The updrafts are strongest toward the (...)"

Tags: SCIENCE

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine public health problems in Nigeria. Specifically, this research explains the following: (1) how malaria and measles are or are not public health problems in Nigeria; (2) how nutritional deficiencies, and cultural and agricultural practices influence public health problems in Nigeria; (3) what needs to be done to eradicate malaria and measles in Nigeria; and (4) what can be done to improve the country's health care system.

MALARIA AND MEASLES AS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
Malaria "is the world's most important infectious disease, affecting more than a hundred million people each year. In some areas, it kills nearly 10 percent of the population in childhood" . Malaria, along with blindness, yaws, ... "

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to discuss, analyze and critique the book, "Americans and the California Dream: 1850-1915", by Kevin Starr.

This book is a narrative of the development of California during the period 1850-1915. But it is also much more than that. It is a look at the literature written about the territory, as well as the literature produced by some of the area's leading citizens. And, most importantly, it is a chronicle of the leading citizens in California, whose diverse personalities reflected the respective eras in which they lived.

Chapter One, "Prophetic Patterns," deals with California under Spanish and later Mexican rule. It describes the beauty of California, and Starr describes many of the "foreigners," French, American and others, who visited the area and coveted it for ... "

From the Paper
"The Yosemite Valley is the product of many geological forces. One such is glacial scouring, which left the spectacular glaciated granite terrain that can be seen today. Valley glaciers have been described as "tongues of ice in mountain ranges [that] start in ice-worn rock basins called cirques". In these cirques, old snow develops into firn, or nev?, a "mass of ice pellets compacted by the weight of the snow above".

As more snow falls on the firn, it spills over into the valley below, filling it with ice. As this ice moves across the landscape, it collects rock debris, which polishes and scours the valley walls and floor. This scratching action leaves a definitive calling card in the form of grooves that identify ... "

From the Paper
"Savannah, Georgia


Like London and Paris, Savannah is not so much a city as a region of the heart, a quality of grace and leisure that has nearly vanished from most urban centers (Fancher, 1971, p. 21). Her varied and interesting history and architectural heritage give her a special place and meaning for Americans.


Situated on a bluff overlooking the Savannah River 16 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, Savannah is one of only a few cities planned with great deliberation and care. Its founder, James Oglethorpe, established the city in 1733, incorporating many ideas from London, including symmetrical squares, gardens, and broad avenues. His city of squares is unique, each square containing a semitropical flora-dominated park enclosed by Greek Revival and Georgian edifices, many of which survive to this day."

From the Paper
"Although a geographic information system (GIS) cannot prevent manmade or natural disasters from occurring, a number of governments are discovering that it is a valuable tool when it comes to the aftermath of rescue and recovery. For example, even before the winds had died down during Hurricane Andrew in Dade County, Florida in 1992, workers at Dade County's Information Technology Department (ITD) were working around the clock assembling the information kept by various agencies throughout the region in preparation for the recovery (Michelsen, 1993, p. 34). County departments maintain extensive databases containing information everything from hazardous waste sites, and a GIS provides the electronic mapping framework for organizing, displaying, analyzing, and storing data used throughout the county."

From the Paper
"California Water Policy
This paper will examine California water policy and the problems of the present policy. The first part of the paper will provide a background discussing the physical geographic attributes of California which make water a very important resource. The second part of the paper will examine the historical background of water policy in California and the shortcomings of these approaches. The third part of the paper will discuss the attributes of a market-based water policy and how such a policy could improve the allocation of water in California.


California's climate varies greatly, depending upon geographic location and annual weather patterns. The Northern section of the state receives much more precipitation than the Southern section..."

From the Paper
"The word apartheid, which was coined in the 1930s in South Africa's intellectual community, is an Afrikaans word meaning apartness, which is interpreted as segregation.. Apartheid was not applied as the name of a set of government policies until the 1950s, when the Afrikaaner Nationalist Party government elected in 1948 began to attain success in the pursuit of an agenda that eventually excluded all non.whites from effective participation in government, and in the initiation of other policies the principal objective of which was the complete social segregation of whites and non whites in the then Union of South Africa."

From the Paper
"Japan is an island country, which according to tradition, was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu. It has a comparative area that is slightly smaller than California. Its total land area is 374,744 kilometers, which includes Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands, and Volcano Islands.. Its coastline area encompasses 29,751 kilometers. Currently, several of its islands are claimed by other nations. These include Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands, and the Habomai island group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; and Senkaku Islands claimed by China and Taiwan.

Japan's climate varies from tropical in the south to cool temperate in the north. Its terrain is mostly rugged and mountainous. Thirteen percent of its land is arable, with one ... "

From the Paper
"This paper will compare and contrast the development of the metropolitan areas of New York City with the development of the urban areas in Los Angeles County. The first part of this paper will describe the development of land use in New York. The second part of this paper will discuss the development of land use in Los Angeles. The paper will also explore urban planning in both cities and compare the problems which resulted from a lack of urban planning.

In the decade between 1880 and 1890, New York City became a highly industrialized center. Even before the last turn of the century, the railroad companies and the growing number of East Coast mills who shipped things in and out of the city helped New York City turn into one of the first American "company towns."1 But the industrial revolution also brought with it pollution, ... "

Abstract
Cartography plays an instrumental role as an important source of information from a historical and geographical perspective. This paper examines the development of cartography and its significance in the study of geography. The paper also looks at how maps are playing a bigger role in our lives today, in the forms of weather maps and sattelite photography.

From the Paper
"With the expansion of education in the 19th century, more and more people were exposed to the use of maps. Maps became were fast becoming common but it was not until much later that they were found to be the best tool for getting around in unknown areas. Its odd that maps should not have been more common early on since they always had a place in the educational system and in the Bible. The apostles appeared to have had knowledge of maps and so did the ancient kingdoms of Israel.
Maps seemed to have had a place in most of history as a form of symbolization to help communicate a sense of a place. Medieval and classical maps were revolutionized during the colonial periods as exploration flourished. Even now, technological advances are still creating a revolution that is changing the mapmaking process."

Tags: maps, library, Renaissance, Ptolemy, Abraham, Ortelius, Gerard, Mercator