A look at the causes and effects, illness, minorities, glass ceiling, medical field, working mothers, marriage, part-time and at-home work and corporate policy.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 12 sources, 1994, $ 79.95
From the Paper "Although males, between the ages of 20 to 30, with five or more years of work experience in presupervisory or premanagerial jobs, make up the group comprising the largest numbers affected by occupational stress due to their majority position in the overall work force, another group that is disproportionately and more adversely affected is women. Occupational stressors are also compounded when the women are members of an ethnic or racial minority (Pelletier 47).
In 1992, the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company in Minneapolis polled 1,299 full-time employees at a random sample of U.S. companies and found women experienced much more job stress than men. Women were more likely than men to suffer from a serious stress-related illness (41 percent versus 26 percent). Job burnout was reported by 36 percent of the women, compared..."
This paper discusses spousal abuse: Incidence, types, health care intervention, traits of victim and abuser, patterns of abusive relationship, effects, stress disorder and treatment.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 14 sources, 1994, $ 87.95
From the Paper "In recent years, more attention has been paid to the problem of spousal abuse. Indeed, many women consider violence their number one health issue. Fortunately, compared to past generations of abused women, today's woman has different options for dealing with an abusive relationship. Still, however, the problem persists. In fact, its growth in our modern world has reached epidemic proportions. There are several reasons for this increase. They include aspects ranging from the individual..and cycles of abuse passed from one generation to the next..to all of society. Regardless of the cause though, it is the nurses' responsibility to provide effective and appropriate intervention. Perhaps this can best be achieved using the patient advocacy model."
From the Paper "Many neuropsychiatric disorders differ between the sexes in incidence, symptoms, and age at onset. To investigate the effects of X-chromosome aneuploidy and of sex steroid deficiency during childhood on brain structure and function, researchers, in one study, used neuropsychological tests and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the brains of 18 women with Turner's syndrome (TS) and 19 healthy control women of similar age.
Nine TS subjects had mosaic 45, X karyotypes, and nine had non-mosaic 45, X. The TS group had significantly lower scores than the controls for all the Wechsler adult intelligence scale tests, except those for verbal comprehension and reading level. The greatest difference was in the visuospatial construction."
This paper examines the effect of female and male educational attainment on fertility: Fertility rates in U.S. and world, theory, economic, developmental and ethnic issues and population growth. Tables.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 17 sources, 1995, $ 135.95
From the Paper "This research examines the effect of educational attainment on fertility. Following this introduction, literature is reviewed and data are presented to illustrate what is known about this relationship. The gaps in the knowledge of the relationship between educational attainment and fertility are then identified. Lastly, the feasibility of conducting additional research to develop the information necessary information to close the knowledge gaps is discussed.
Current Knowledge of the Educational Attainment/Fertility Relationship
Conventional wisdom in both sociology and economics holds that the fertility rate declines as female educational attain ... "
From the Paper "The issue to be discussed is whether or not homosexuals should be allowed to marry one another. There are a number of rationales that have been offered by those in the gay community as to why they should be allowed to marry, and generally the impetus has come not from a desire to be married as such but as a result of various social and economic benefits denied to gay people because they cannot marry. For some in the gay community, demands for gay marriage may in fact be a form of challenge to the "straight" community, but those who are truly serious about the issue are attempting to secure for homosexual partners such rights taken for granted by heterosexual married couples as the right to inheritance, to insurance benefits, for one partner to visit the other in a hospital, and so on. Society has so far ... "
From the Paper "Linguistics is one of the methods society uses to promote gender bias--a socialization process that starts in the classroom. Both children and teachers perpetuate the myth of female subordination by neglecting to use gender neutral terminology. Teachers inflict further damage by giving preferential treatment to male students. Children reared in an environment where gender roles are stratified incur the danger of perpetuating a system of "virulent sexism" in which boys grow up "deeply suspicious of feminists" (Britzman, 1993, p. 36).
The issue of gender equity is a relatively recent concern in the field of education. The legal foundation of this concern was the Title IX of the Education Amendment Act, passed in 1972. This Act prohibited sex discrimination in federally-funded education programs and activities. Although the legislation has ..."
A research proposal to assess the effects of reinforcement, knowledge of sexual abuse cycle and relapse prevention on coping and the recidivism of offenders.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, 1995, $ 71.95
From the Paper "EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT, IN-DEPTH KNOWLEDGE OF SEXUAL ABUSE CYCLE, AND RELAPSE PREVENTION TRAINING ON COPING STYLE AND RECIDIVISM OF MALE JUVENILE SEX OFFENDERS
Introduction
The proposed study is designed to examine whether a comprehensive treatment intervention involving teaching adolescent sex offenders about the sexual abuse cycle operates to increase coping skills and decrease recidivism. So that the proposed study may be placed within the context of existing knowledge in the field, this section of the report offers a description and discussion of the nature of juvenile sexual offense in the United States and of the sexual abuse cycle itself.
Nature of Juvenile Sexual Offenders in America ..."
From the Paper "Deborah Tannen, in You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation, has two primary purposes in mind. First, she wants to describe and give examples of how men and women have very different ways of conversing. Second, she wants to suggest that once we come to understand these different ways of communicating, we can begin to make allowances for the opposite gender's communications and as a result experience more successful exchanges of information, ideas and feelings in conversation.
Tannen does not want us to radically change our ways of conversing, but rather to show why men and women misunderstand one another so frequently. Men basically believe that women in conversation want to take away their freedom, that there is something threatening about the way women converse. Women, on the ..."
From the Paper "THE GAY FAMILY: PARENTING, ADOPTION AND SAME SEX MARRIAGE
Over the past quarter century, gay rights have come to the forefront of the American political arena. Gays have continually and adamantly sought equal treatment before the law in all areas of public and private life. Two of the more visible conflicts that have recently occurred as a result of this struggle include the furor that erupted after President Clinton announced his intention to lift the ban on gays in the Armed Forces and the rancorous debate regarding New York City's decision to include pro-gay reading material in its elementary school system.
One particular area of gay rights that has caused increasing conflict recently is the issue of gay parenting, specifically gay marriage and adoption. As the right of heterosexuals to marry has been continually recognized by the state as inalienable, gays are seek ..."
Abstract This paper looks at gender bias and brings the two plays as examples of how gender politics are guided by the inherited behaviors that are more felt than taught. "Trifles" and "M. Butterfly", are perfect examples of how culture dictates the worst behavior in men against women and how women are belittled by culture.
From the Paper "Subjective truth forms our perception of reality when regarding people, cultures, religion, or any other differentiating factor, and this is true of the male gender-perception of women. Plausibility structures, which govern our perspective and control how we perceive the Other, are part and parcel of every culture, gender, religion, and community. In fact, they are directly responsible for our ability to believe the seemingly unbelievable about others. For example, for a very long time, members of hate groups (which they would call patriotic organizations) have created a culture in which its members are convinced of the reality that all people who are not white are so different from them as to be rendered unimportant. Men have, for millennia, subjected women to a 'reality' that tells them they are inferior of mind and body, are unable to engage in the kinds of activities that men can , and that their contributions to the world can only be in motherhood and as a wife. This, of course, is a subjective truth turned reality for the males of the culture. Only relatively recently have women had enough of a voice to be able to start changing that subjective reality to demonstrate that such is not the case. For the purpose of this discussion, we will examine the works of two dramatists: Susan Glaspell's Trifles, and David Hwang's M. Butterfly. Trifles uses the voices of men in a Greek-chorus-like manner, acting as the conscience or the voice reflected by the plausibility structures of the community, to reinforce Minnie's guilt, the triviality of hers and women's occupations, interests, and preoccupations. M. Butterfly, also depicts the kind of influence that the archetypal structures of community perception (i.e. gender perception of women through men) has over a woman's life. Both of these plays will be discussed further in this vein."
Abstract This paper evaluates the correlation between stress and the role of sexual activity in the reduction of stress. It looks at how stress that is experienced in daily life has an adverse affect on people and that sex is a form of physical activity and can be beneficial to reducing it. It describes the physical effect of stress on the body and shows how the relationship between physical activity and sex helps for relaxation, relieves stress and produces endorphins, the body's natural pain relievers.
From the Paper "Researchers at Ohio State University (Heart Disease Weekly, 2002) tested how fast that triglycerides would clear out of the bloodstream of volunteers during a stress-inducing test compared with a session in which the volunteers rested. This study found evidence that short periods of psychological stress can cause the body to take longer to clear heart-damaging fats from the bloodstream. The results showed that stress caused triglycerides to stay in the bloodstream longer and suggest one reason why stress has been linked to heart disease."
Abstract This paper discusses that experts on spousal abuse believe that in such marriages, the relationship begins as a loving relationship but gradually the definition of "love" is distorted and includes emotions of jealousy and suspicion. The paper reviews research which shows that arrest is the most effective intervention and that police officers are more likely to make these arrests when their police department has clear guidelines.
From the Paper "Recognizing the problem, law enforcement agencies have researched what the most effective responses are to domestic abuse calls. Nancy Egan of the John Jay College of Criminal Justice put together an annotated bibliography of research regarding best police practices for domestic violence calls. She described three types of responses. The first is ?mediative.? where the police do not arrest anyone, but attempt to act as peacemakers, staying at the site until the situation calms down and the reported offender is no longer acting angrily."
Abstract This paper puts forward the case of homosexual marriage. It discusses the history of sexual desire dating from the days of Plato and the right of every human being to be able to fulfil his sexual desire and live a happy life. It analyzes the concept of marriage in general, examining how in many cases people do not actually marry for love and how homosexual couples may, like heterosexual couples desire to share financial assets and responsibilities. It reviews the legalization of gay marriages around the world and analyzes why in particular America is a sex-ambivalent society, alternately fascinated and repelled by sexuality. It contains an extensive literature review and the author's personal opinions.
From the Paper "Gay couples, elated not to have to hide or to face the stigma of being viewed as sick or criminal, will have a psychological burden lifted from their shoulders. This sort of humane support of other human beings, no matter how different they might be from oneself, should bring a contagious elevation of spirit to any soul that desires to feel at peace in the world. Those who oppose gay marriage, should look closely at their motivation. Is their own sense of masculinity at stake? How can the sexual preferences of others harm them? Do they feel threaten simply because they are not sure of their own convictions about their sexuality or moral beliefs?"
Abstract This paper provides an insight into the problems faced by the mothers and the authorities of inmates giving birth whilst in prison. It outlines the rights the women have regarding pre and post natal care and examines what happens to the babies once they have given birth. It looks at how most institutions do not have the facilities to keep the mother and baby together and how unless a relative is prepared to care for the baby, the baby is placed in a foster home. It evaluates some of the different programs trying to fight for better conditions for these pregnant women.
From the Paper "Several pioneering programs are being instituted to try to combat this sobering trend. In federal prisons, for example, qualified female inmates can serve under a Mothers and Infants Together (MINT) program. In this government-funded program, non-violent inmates who are not escape risks can serve their sentences in a halfway house facility three months before delivery until two months after the baby is born. This program is an attempt to develop a bond between the mother and the child by placing them in an environment together with other pregnant prisoners (ACLU)."
Abstract This paper highlights the plight of gay men and lesbians who want to try and raise families. It introduces the topic on a poignant note of how difficult it is for gays to struggle with their own sexual identities let alone be parents. It then continues to discuss the issues and problems with lesbian parenting as well as how more difficult parenting is for gay men than it is for lesbians.
From the Paper "In the past few decades, gay and lesbian parents started to openly identify themselves although they have always existed long before. More and more lesbian women and gay men are choosing to become parents. They are adopting children, becoming foster parents, having biological children through donor insemination, etc., either as single parents or with other gay or lesbian co-parents. If gay and lesbian people struggle with the question of how open and honest they can be about their sexual identity, the struggle is more profound for gay and lesbian parents."
