From the Paper
Marriage and infidelity have gone hand in hand since probably the beginning of marriage as an institution. Its origins are elusive, yet at least one author blames Aristotle for at least part of the problem of infidelity, if it even is a problem. According to Suzanne Br(gger, Aristotle "was the first to promulgate the principles of Western logic--the identity axiom, for example, which implies that we can love only one person at a time . . . .".

This gets us into the reasons for infidelity. Br(gger's opinion is that infidelity got its start because of the prevailing philosophy that true love can handle only one person at a time. Having more than one "lover" indicates that one is really not in love with anyone. Br(gger disputes this saying ... "

From the Paper
" "I know all about you bitches, you're no different,
you're like all of them. I seen it in all the movies.
You love being beaten. (He then began punching the
victim violently). I just seen it again in that flick.
He beat the shit out of her while he raped her and she
told him she loved it; you know you love it, tell me
you love it" (Silbert & Pines, 1984).

This excerpt was taken from an interview with a woman who was recalling the comments of the violent assailant who raped (...)"

From the Paper
"Male and female sex-roles are determined by a variety of biological and cultural influences on a society. The biological factor in gender role determination is arrived at through noting the physical differences which exist between the male and female bodies. Because men's bodies in general are physically stronger than women's bodies, it is assumed that men were intended by nature to serve as the hunters and warriors of a society. On the other hand, because women's bodies are uniquely designed to bear children, it is assumed that women were created for the purpose of caring for the home and family. This division of labor between the sexes has existed in one form or another since the earliest period of human history. However, the status of the male in society as the aggressive hunter who provides food for the family has caused men to traditionally be "more highly valued ... "

From the Paper
"Schuler reports that the statistics addressing the levels at which women and minorities are paid clearly demonstrate inequity. That is, female- and minority worker-occupations tend to garner wages and salaries that are consistently lower than in those occupations that are dominated by "White" male workers. Moreover, for those women and minorities that do somehow gain entrance to those occupations dominated by "White" males, there is the tendency to earn less on the average than their "White" male counterparts At issue here, as the topic of this research effort, is whether true worth can be established for jobs by workers who perform comparable duties; that is, can comparable worth become ingrained in public sector personnel ... "

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From the Paper
"Sexual Harassment and Sexual Revictimization


Background to the Study
Over the last two decades, research studies have documented significant rates of child sexual abuse among both female and male children. Estimates for female children under the age of 18 who have experienced at least one incident of abuse ranges from 1 in 4 to 1 in 2.5 among nonclinical samples (Kohn, 1987; Wyatt, 1985). Estimates for male children are approximately 1 in 8.


There are a number of effects that have been associated with childhood sexual abuse, including psychological, sexual, and interpersonal difficulties (Briere, 1992). One additional problem that has been associated with early abuse is sexual..."

From the Paper
"Pornography and the First Amendment
Erotic literature, depictions, and displays have been common in all cultures since ancient times, with some of the earliest examples belonging to the ancient Greek civilization, which frequently celebrated the human form in art.1 Although not as prevalent as during the Greek period, erotic art continued to be produced throughout the Roman period, Middle Ages, and Renaissance.2 Throughout these times, little attempt was made by governments to censor or regulate these materials, except during the Puritan period in England and the American colonies during the 17th Century.3


Protected under. the First Amendment of the Constitution, there has been much debate as to what constitutes speech. It is generally agreed that conduct, in order to be protected, must..."

From the Paper
"Relative-Percentage of Women in Senior Management

That discrimination against women in the management ranks exists is a given, when their relative percentage is considered. In support of this, the Bureau of Labor Statistics notes that between 1981 and 1991, female participation in the work force rose from 45 percent to 46 percent. Within this same time span, the percentage of female managers increased from 27 percent to 41 percent. The percentage of women who are senior executives rose a mere two percent during this same time period, going from one percent to three percent (Segal, 1992, p. 74). With differing percentages, the U.S. Labor Department further confirms that women are relatively less represented in the upper-echelon ranks of management, although they have made considerable gains within the past two decades in lower-level management ranks. Note that ..."

From the Paper
"Introduction

The physical attributes differ significantly between males and females during the pubertal process, with no single, sudden event being accountable for such differences. That is, puberty entails a process that slowly unfolds beginning with conception through adulthood; thus, the onset and termination of this process is difficult to delineate. For this reason, there is difficulty in delineating the pubertal sequence, with individual variation being common. Moreover, there are age differences for the average male and female pubertal. Note that the pubertal sequence may begin at age 10 or as late as age 14 for males, with accelerated growth in the testicles (Petersen, 1979) and/or pubic hair (Tanner, 1970); while it may be at age 10 or as late as age ..."

From the Paper
"Women and Aging: A Sociological Perspective


Women growing old in America today face a variety of issues and challenges. In fact, the needs of today's older woman have received increased attention in the media and in the halls of Congress. Yet, who are today's older women? Is there really a single definition of women growing old today? Are there differences within this group, and how do these differences account for the varying experiences known to old women? It is the purpose of this paper to answer some of these questions and, in particular, to explore ways in which aging women are affected by gender-specific concerns, demographic, economic, and physiological changes in late life.


Some of the experiences of the later stages of life are influenced by gender. According to Lou Glasse, researchers and..."

From the Paper
"The effect of gender roles on television have been considered in recent years by sociologists and psychologists as well as media critics, in part based on a concern that the way women are portrayed in the media has a deleterious effect on the way women are viewed in society at large. Women's roles in society have been changing through the determined efforts of feminists and sympathetic political groups over the past two decades, and some of these changes are clearly reflected on television, in film, and in other media portrayals. At the same time, it is evident that progress in changing media portrayals is behind the curve as far as the degree of equality that should be depicted, the roles given to women in the media, and the roles women play behind the scenes in the media as well. Some areas of the media are more regressive than others in this regard, and a..."

From the Paper
"Abstract
The increasing attention accorded to the issues of date rape and sexual harassment will provide the justification for a proposed research study that will investigate the function of gender as an explanatory variable in relation to differences in attitudes and values that lead to dating behaviors that culminate in sexual harassment or date rape. The literature indicates that males on the average begin dating an earlier age than do females in American society, tend to have more dating experience than do their female dating partners, and as a consequence, are more likely than are females to have established behavioral patterns that they tend to following all dating experiences regardless of who their partner may be, and without consideration for differing attitudes and values that may be held by a dating partner. The literature also indicated..."

From the Paper
"Although males, between the ages of 20 to 30, with five or more years of work experience in presupervisory or premanagerial jobs, make up the group comprising the largest numbers affected by occupational stress due to their majority position in the overall work force, another group that is disproportionately and more adversely affected is women. Occupational stressors are also compounded when the women are members of an ethnic or racial minority (Pelletier 47).
In 1992, the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company in Minneapolis polled 1,299 full-time employees at a random sample of U.S. companies and found women experienced much more job stress than men. Women were more likely than men to suffer from a serious stress-related illness (41 percent versus 26 percent). Job burnout was reported by 36 percent of the women, compared..."

From the Paper
"In recent years, more attention has been paid to the problem of spousal abuse. Indeed, many women consider violence their number one health issue. Fortunately, compared to past generations of abused women, today's woman has different options for dealing with an abusive relationship. Still, however, the problem persists. In fact, its growth in our modern world has reached epidemic proportions. There are several reasons for this increase. They include aspects ranging from the individual..and cycles of abuse passed from one generation to the next..to all of society. Regardless of the cause though, it is the nurses' responsibility to provide effective and appropriate intervention. Perhaps this can best be achieved using the patient advocacy model."

From the Paper
"Many neuropsychiatric disorders differ between the sexes in incidence, symptoms, and age at onset. To investigate the effects of X-chromosome aneuploidy and of sex steroid deficiency during childhood on brain structure and function, researchers, in one study, used neuropsychological tests and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study the brains of 18 women with Turner's syndrome (TS) and 19 healthy control women of similar age.

Nine TS subjects had mosaic 45, X karyotypes, and nine had non-mosaic 45, X. The TS group had significantly lower scores than the controls for all the Wechsler adult intelligence scale tests, except those for verbal comprehension and reading level. The greatest difference was in the visuospatial construction."

From the Paper
"This research examines the effect of educational attainment on fertility. Following this introduction, literature is reviewed and data are presented to illustrate what is known about this relationship. The gaps in the knowledge of the relationship between educational attainment and fertility are then identified. Lastly, the feasibility of conducting additional research to develop the information necessary information to close the knowledge gaps is discussed.

Current Knowledge of the Educational Attainment/Fertility Relationship
Conventional wisdom in both sociology and economics holds that the fertility rate declines as female educational attain ... "