This paper takes a look at a common behavioral addiction, sexual addiction. It gives a social work perspective and gives a background on the subject, along with suggestions for treatment.
Abstract This paper begins with a background on viewing sexual addiction as a behavioral addiction comparable to gambling or shopping. It talks about the American Medical Association's view of the problem, along with clinicians view. It then concludes with treatment options and what has worked in past research.
From the Paper "There are many addictions to substances but not to be forgotten are addictions to certain behaviors. These include such behaviors as gambling, shopping, and having sex. As Van Wormer and Davis state, "What these behavioral or pleasure-related addictions have in common with the substance dependencies is that they are compulsive and obsessive and involve euphoria that is not induced artificially by a drug" (2003, pg 213). It is important for social workers to understand behavioral addictions because they can be just as destructive to a client's life as substance addictions."
Abstract This paper explains, after the author's research of academic literature and an extensive review of the advertising trade literature, it is apparent that the urban myth, which states that gays have more disposable income than other groups, remains, while the gay psyche is no different from the psyches of other identifiable marketing target groups. The author points out that differences in how marketing is handled arise from the necessity of deciding whether to advertise in mainstream media as well as in gay-specific media. The paper relates that the problem arises because, while the necessary images may be acceptable in the gay-specific press, they may be regarded as less acceptable by straight consumers when they appear in mainstream media.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Statement of Hypotheses
Literature Review
Application
Review and Evaluation
Conclusion
From the Paper "Not surprisingly, the marketers claim the only thing they have to fear these days is the right wing as the middle has already become comfortable with the idea. In addition, of course, there is the need, in stagnating economies, to tap into a good market, no matter what. In 2004, it was estimated that the GLBT population was about 15 million (somewhat under the Kinsey estimate of eleven years earlier), with $485 million in spending power. "Though it's a smaller niche than the African-American and Latino markets, gays are a consumer group with a high proportion of discretionary income".
Abstract Discrimination continues to be a serious issue in business today. Although the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) monitors and investigates issues regarding discrimination based on race, gender, age, religion, and sexual harassment, employees continue to face discrimination in the workplace. This paper discusses issues of gender discrimination in the hiring process and wage determination, as well as the writer's opinion on the subject.
From the Paper "It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer- (1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his/her gender? (Bennett-Alexander, Hartman). The Equal Pay Act states that employees must be paid the same or comparable wages based on the job description. Regardless of the gender of the employees, if they are performing comparable tasks or job assignments, they must be paid similarly."
Abstract Compared to only a few decades ago, American society has become more open and accepting of teenage pregnancy. Pregnant teens are no longer hidden away with relatives. More importantly, many school and community groups have adopted honest and aggressive strategies to address the growing incidences of teenage pregnancy.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of four different styles of programs in preventing pregnancy in teenage girls. These programs include sex education in schools, one-on-one conversations between patient and health care worker in a clinical setting, service learning programs, and finally, youth development programs. Emphasis is given on the effectiveness of these programs in preventing pregnancy in teenage African-American girls. The first part of this paper is an overview of teen pregnancy statistics, both throughout the United States and African-American teenagers in particular. The next part of the paper then identifies the factors behind the rising rates of pregnancy among black teenagers. In the third and main part, this paper looks at the diverse programs and policies that are being implemented to help stop teenage pregnancy. The paper then evaluates whether or not these programs address the unique factors that contribute to teen pregnancy in African-American teens. In the conclusion, this paper argues that pregnancy rates among black teens continue to rise because these programs do not address the special factors behind pregnancies in this group. Thus, in order to effectively address teen pregnancy in black teenagers, more policies must be enacted to address factors like poverty and school drop-out rates.
From the Paper "There is a wide diversity among the types of education programs. Advocates of abstinence-only education, for example, argue that contraception education has failed to stem the tide of pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease among high-school students. Napier (1999) argues that abstinence-only programs are the more effective solution. Programs such as the Washington, DC-based Best Friends, for example, match a teen girl with an adult mentor. Weekly one-on-one and group meetings will teach the girls self-respect and decision-making skills that will form the basis of a sexually-abstinent lifestyle. The Best Friends program also emphasizes avoiding drugs and alcohol, which are considered risk factors for early sexual activity."
This paper is a research proposal to examine the effects of work-related stress on job performance and to determine whether estrogen, a female sex hormone, plays a key role in job-related stress in the nursing industry.
Abstract This paper explains that work-related stress is correlated negatively to the job performance of nurses in the health care profession. The author points out the research hypothesizes that the job performance of male nurses and post-menopausal female nurses is more negatively correlated to stress than the job performance of pre-menopausal female nurses because men and post-menopausal women have less estrogen than pre-menopausal women do. The paper relates that previous literature suggests that stress hormone levels in older women receiving hormone replacement therapy are lower than in men of the same age, reinforcing the belief that estrogen lowers stress hormone levels in women.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Sources and Consequences of Stress
Method
Participants
Materials
Job Performance
Gender and Menopausal Status
Procedure
Expected Results and Discussion
From the Paper "There is a great deal of research suggesting that nursing is a stressful job and that the stress experienced by nurses can lead to a broad variety of work-related problems, including absenteeism, conflict, staff turnover, morale issues, and overall decreased worker effectiveness. Too much stress frequently results in burnout and the high turnover of nursing personnel. Thus, the causes and correlates of work-related stress, and the outcomes for job performance are of great concern to the overall nursing industry."
Abstract This paper explores the hypothesis that, when voting during presidential elections, men tend to be influenced by the economic and war issues, while women tend to be influenced by social issues (abortion, education, healthcare). Appended to the paper is the survey that was used as part of the research effort for this paper.
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Hypothesis
Executive Summary
Rationale
Methodology
Literature Review
Percentage of Men and Women Voting for
Presidential Candidates 1980-1996
Candidate Support by Gender (March - July 2000)
Data Collected (women)
Data Collected (men)
Conclusion
References
Questionnaire for Survey
From the Paper "Introduction: People in society have varied tastes and choices according to which they live their lives and wish to improve their living. People generally talk about and discuss issues of concern with each other. This helps to bring about more awareness about issues at hand, and allows one to decide what kinds of action should be taken in order to move towards a desirable outcome. As a result of such notions, often people tend to become quite political minded in their approaches, and end up taking sides at the time of elections. The reason for this is that different kinds of political leadership demonstrate their respective stances on social issues. Policies developed by these leaderships or potential leadership focus on areas that people are greatly interested in. Though policy formation also encompasses issues that are normally not revealed to the public, a major amount of the policies are revealed or at least promised to the people in order to gain their attention and favor. "
Abstract This paper explains that, before the decision was made in the Oncale vs. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. case, there was no clear way to deal with same-sex harassment. The author points out that, in this case, a hostile environment was defined as a derivative of physical and verbal harassment suffered by the plaintiff and perpetrated by coworkers. The paper states that studies on same-gender sexual harassment suggest male-male sexual harassment has a more severe impact upon psychological and job-related outcomes than other forms of sexual harassment.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Definition of Sexual Harassment
Same-Sex Sexual Harassment
Studies Conducted Concerning Same-Sex Harassment
Conclusion
From the Paper "The quid pro quo type of sexual harassment involves sexual advances that are unwelcome, physical or verbal conduct of a sexual nature, or requests for sexual favors. These actions are seen as quid pro quo harassment when (1) submission to these actions are made either explicitly or implicitly a condition of a person's employment, or (2) submission to or denial of these actions by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting the individual. Hostile environment sexual harassment involves ?unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute "hostile environment" sexual harassment when such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.? "
Abstract This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.
From the Paper "One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz ("Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences"), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a "distorted" collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of advertising geared toward the gay and lesbian communities. Specifically, it discusses advertising in the context of gay and lesbian culture and how particular ad campaigns are significant for the gay and lesbian communities. While society has become more accepting of the gay and lesbian lifestyle, there are still many elements of culture and society that disapprove of the gay/lesbian experience. It shows how, in the last decade, advertising has become more open and how the gay lifestyle has become more accepted.
From the Paper "The gay and lesbian lifestyle has existed for thousands of years, but it is only fairly recently been seen as a viable advertising market. Many experts and researchers believe gay advertising existed in the 1920s, citing several examples of print ads that seemed to indicate a gay or homosocial relationship between men (Boyce 26). In addition, author Alexandra Chasin cites a 1976 New York Times article that discussed the efforts of gay publications to attract mainstream advertisers, and other early recognition of the growing gay and lesbian marketplace (Chasin 30). Thus, advertising to gays and lesbians seems to have existed in some form for decades, but it is only in the last decade that it has really "come out of the closet." In fact, today there are numerous marketing companies entirely devoted to the gay and lesbian advertising market, and numerous studies have been conducted that indicate this market is profitable, viable, and growing."
Abstract This paper examines sexual harassment as a dangerous weed that needs to be uprooted from our society. The paper explains how this malady threatens our fundamental, constitutional basis of freedom and equality for all. The paper contends that implementing a good sexual harassment policy at the organizational level and strict enforcement of punishments for offenders is the rightful solution to the problem.
Outline
Thesis
Introduction
Ubiquitous Phenomenon
Types of Sexual Harassment
Effective Strategies
Creating Awareness
Managerial Intervention
Conclusion
From the Paper "Sexual harassment is not a new problem but one that continues to haunt our society for a long time. The most common setting where sexual harassment is blatantly obvious is the workplace, which is proved by the ever increasing number of sexual harassment cases being reported over the last few years. Almost all walks of life are infested by this malady and even the noble professions like academia and hospice environment are not spared. In fact it is the hospitals where sexual harassment is more prominent. A recent study conducted revealed that around 69% to 85% of nurses have reported to have been subjected to some kind of sexual harassment in their workplace. Another independent study conducted on 188 intensive care nurses revealed that more than 46% of them had undergone sexual harassment in one form or the other and that in almost 82% of the cases the offenders were the physicians."
This paper investigates the extent to which an environment that is professed to be open to women perceives gender roles and to what extent these still dictate a certain amount of prejudice in the workplace.
Abstract This paper explains that it does appear that sexism is still prevalent in the professional world today; for example, women seem to be underrepresented in managerial positions, and the type of job is still determined by gender role assumptions. The author points out that the paradigm of greater tolerance within all areas of life today provides a ray of hope for women who find themselves challenged as a result of preconceived expectations and ideals. The paper relates that studies suggest associations of anger and its consequences in the workplace differ for the genders; a woman expects negative consequences within interpersonal relationships when anger is expressed, while a man, on the other hand, finds that status and power are important to maintain through anger expression. Thus, a man's expectation of the consequences is positive, and he is more likely to express anger.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Conditioned Perceptions of Gender Roles
Gender Roles and Family Obligations
Differences in Male and Female Nature: Anger in the Workplace
Conclusion
From the Paper "Cinamon further hypothesizes that family is more important to the women studied in her particular focus group than men. Men on the other rather fit the work than family profile. While women then seem to ascribe more importance to family than men do, women also seem to ascribe a higher importance to work than do men. This then, rather than a particularly higher commitment to family, but a higher commitment to both work and family, is used to explain why a higher conflict between work and family is experienced by women as opposed to men. Professional women seem to not only invest heavily in caring for their work obligations, but also in their families. Thus these women seem unable to make a full commitment to either, and their work commitment (or indeed their family commitment) suffers."
Abstract Women currently make up about thirteen percent of all U.S. armed forces. The number of women in the armed forces has risen dramatically since 1970 when women only made up 1.4 percent of all forces. This paper discusses some of the reasons why women should be allowed to fight in the military, but ultimately argues that, although women can be a valuable asset to the military, placing them on the battlefield would add many unnecessary consequences to war.
From the Paper "There is much opposition to allowing women into military combat. Issues of rape, love, sexual tension, physical and mental condition, and sensitivity often arise whenever the question of women in combat is brought up. With women on the front lines, rape would almost be a certainty. If captured, a woman faces near a hundred percent chance of being sexually molested or raped."
Tags: armed, fight, Gulf, War, rape, relationships
Abstract This paper discusses the pre-conception gender selection techniques along with some other means of choosing the gender of the unborn child and explains how this has come under severe criticism because of the ethical issues raised. The paper contends that this problem is more pronounced in traditional societies of China and India. The paper reviews the beliefs of ethicist John Fletcher who claims that new gender selection techniques result from abuse of advanced medical technology.
From the Paper "History attests to the fact that couples from Royal families down to rural peasants have shown preference for a male child leading to numerous problems for the girl child and creating a sex ratio imbalance in some traditional societies. When preference for a male child is more pronounced and obvious, any method that can allow a couple to choose the gender of their unborn child is likely to create tremendous potential for gender discrimination and sex-ratio imbalance. Sex-selection or gender-selection as it is commonly known as is one such method that threatens to put female children at risk of being outnumbered by their male counterparts. The pre-conception gender selection techniques along with some other means of choosing the gender of the unborn child has come under severe criticism because of the ethical issues they raise."
Abstract This paper details the various stressors gay youth encounter when they 'come out' from parents, friends, school, and society in general. The paper ties these variables together and makes the argument for increased suicidal ideation in gay youth, citing the aforementioned stressors as antecedents.
From the Paper "Young people are particularly impressionable to the attitudes, ideologies, and norms of society, thus homosexual youth are affected by "negative attitudes and hostile reactions of our society to homosexuality" (Chauvin et al,. 2000:9). Furthermore, society offers little in ways to seek refuge from homophobia and the attitudes it places upon the oppressed youth, and many areas require minors to have permission from their parents before engaging in therapy or attending gay/lesbian programs at outreach centers. "The outcome of societal barriers along with negative responses to a homosexual orientation may facilitate a young gay or lesbian person to exhibit a low self-esteem, depression, and a generalized fear, consequently, resulting in a deteriorated and fragile identity on the part of a young homosexual person" (Chauvin et al., 2000:9-10)."
Summary and discussion of an article by D. Dyrne and M. Hogben on human sexuality, "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality".
Abstract This paper discusses an article about human sexuality that emphasizes an approach to studying the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from the perspective of the social learning theory. The paper also explains and analyzes how the theory is applied to the study of human sexuality and behavior and examines contemporary research that supports this approach.
From the Paper "Dyrne & Hogben (1999) in their work "Using Social Learning Theory to Explain Individual Differences in Human Sexuality" approach the concept of human sexuality and human sexual behavior from a social learning theory approach. This article is of interest because it presents a new model for exploring human sexuality and the reasons that humans act in a particular manner with regard to sexual behavior." The article analyzed is appended to the paper.
