Abstract Discussies how companies are now beginning to recognize the adverse effects of workplace sexism and are doing something about it. It shows that because such a negative environment is considered contrary to positive company culture, the new wave in corporate America is to ensure against sexism in the workplace. This paper examines how businesses are becoming more and more interactive in addressing the issue so as not to perpetuate the ill will and discord that have developed over the past several years.
From the Paper "Sexism in the workplace is an industry ill that has run rampant over the past several decades. Only within this time frame has society come to realize that there is no place for gender prejudice when both men and women are working hard toward the same goals. "Despite regulations that attempt to promote equality within the workplace, discrimination against certain social groups such as women still occurs, with women faring worse than men on most measures of economic equity, including income, unemployment, and occupational distribution" (Trentham et al, 1998, p. 1). In some cases, women have demonstrated considerable more dedication to the job than men, who are often categorized as being lazy and ineffective when compared to their female counterparts. Indeed, there is room for both genders within the workplace, but it will entail establishing an element of respect for the individual, as well as recognition of duty no matter the sex, that will finally allow gender prejudice to be completely eliminated within the workplace."
Abstract This paper aims to identify a correlation between gender and alcoholic consumption by analyzing gender-related data concerning alcohol consumption and determining correlations not only between gender and alcohol consumption, but also between the issues within gender that might play as catalysts to the alcohol consumption. Through analyzing the results of different studies, it shows that the social, psychological and economic factors influencing the drinking of the genders differ in many ways. It discusses whether there really is a gender gap despite the fact that many studies show that men consume far more alcohol than women and examines changes in alcoholic consumption trends, it seems that women are consuming more alcohol today than in the past.
It looks at the differences in consequences of alcoholic consumption between genders and how the reasons why women drink, the way they drink, the way it affects their bodies, and the way they recover is entirely different than for men.
From the Paper "The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has applied various methods of research regarding gender differences in response to alcohol consumption. According to NIAAA, alcohol research involving humans has traditionally been mainly focused on males. Only in recent years have studies realized the importance of including women in this topic.
Early conclusions from alcohol-related studies reveal increased vulnerability of women to damage by alcohol. NIAAA reports that within a shorter period of drinking and with less overall intake of alcohol, females are more vulnerable to the development of liver cirrhosis and brain damage due to alcohol abuse (Norton et al. 1987)."
Abstract The paper gives the opinions of both philosophers regarding natural law and homosexuality and addresses the Christian conception of natural law. Further, the paper asserts that many of the claims for a source for natural law are descriptive and are then distorted into something prescriptive. The paper concludes that natural law is not "natural" at all but is an artificial explanation for why certain behaviors are classified as unnatural.
From the Paper "When we say something is unnatural, however, there is no objective measure for this term. Man-made laws emerge from the social contract, the mythical agreement by which society was created and by which those who join society agree to abide by its laws. Thus, we know what a law is, we know what breaking a law means, and we do not argue about whether we ought to obey or not because we have accepted this precept as part of the social contract. We are all part of society, so we are all subject to society's laws."
Abstract This paper evaluates how the images of women depicted in movies can be excellent indicators of a society's view of women in that time period and how a look at some of Disney's well-known characters can give us insight into the expectations of women at the time each movie was produced. It analyzes the female lead characters from 13 different Disney films, including "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," "Cinderella," "The Little Mermaid," "Pocahontas," and "Mulan." It explores the themes of rescue, romantic attraction and reaction in times of adversity and shows how the disparity between the Disney heroines prior to 1960 and after 1989 could not be more obvious. The earlier female leads are weak and passive. They depend entirely on others to help save them when in trouble and their major priorities are cooking, cleaning, looking beautiful and waiting for their princes to come. The later female leads are strong and active. They actually play the role of hero and rescuer more frequently than the men.
From the Paper "Snow White never for a moment considers defying the Evil Queen. She never refuses the chores that are forced upon her, never thinks of running away, and is innocent to the point of naivet?. She completely trusts the huntsman who leads her into the woods to kill her, as well as the old woman who gives her the poisoned apple. It is her beauty alone that saves her, compelling the Prince to fall in love with her and kiss her. We have no evidence that she possesses any intelligence, wit, courage, or personal strength, but if she does, they are of no use to her. She is completely dependent on the help of others, and she is very childlike. Her voice is extremely high-pitched, and she runs after the Dwarfs? approval like a small child seeking the approval of her parents."
This paper traces the traditional role of women amd the image of the stereotyped woman and contends that the entry of women into politics was related to their emancipation from restrictive traditional roles.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, 1972, $ 87.95
From the Paper "The lives of women must take new directions if they are to achieve identity and recognition at home and at work. Simone de Beauvoir, author of The Second Sex, puts it this way:
If the woman question seems trivial, it is because masculine arrogance has made of it a "quarrel"; and, when quarreling, no one any longer reasons well. People have tirelessly sought to prove that woman is superior, inferior or equal to man..We must discard the vague notions of superiority, equality, which have hitherto corrupted every discussion of the subject and start afresh .
If by "starting afresh" Miss de Beauvoir means emancipating women, then we are in for a new set of troubles because the so.called emancipated women of the '60s and '70s have turned in miscarriages, menstrual pains and "female" troubles for ulcers, ... "
From the Paper " The views of men and women differ regarding the appropriateness, acceptability, and effects on society of soft pornography. Men tend to believe it is harmless, while women have expressed the belief that it is degrading and contributes to the general societal sexism that diminishes a woman's value to society.
An examination of this thesis is one fraught with emotional and political minefields. The debate over pornography often takes place in a charged atmosphere; thus, it becomes difficult to separate issues clearly and see them for what they really are. At the base of any discussion about pornography, however, one must recognize that the issue strikes at the very heart of male(...)"
This paper Examines issues & effects of Supreme Court abortion decisions "Roe v. Wade", "Webster v. Reproductive Health Services" and "Griswold v. Connecticut".
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, 1991, $ 95.95
From the Paper "In 1973, the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in America. In addition, it established the right of the individual woman to chose whether or not to have an abortion. The ruling of the Supreme Court implied a right to privacy in making reproductive decisions as well as the right to freedom from government interference in making such decisions. The legalization of abortion at that time was important because it permitted the medical procedures involved to become much safer than they had been in the past. Prior to the 1973 decision, women seeking abortions had to do so illegally, and the conditions of such illegal operations were very dangerous. It has been estimated that as many as a million illegal abortions per year were conducted prior to Roe v. Wade. According to Marian Faux, a proponent of women's rights, "these unsafe, septic ... "
From the Paper "There has never been a time in society during which women have categorically been treated equal to their male counterparts, regardless as to whether the issue is the socialization process or the legislative process (Bernard, 1981, p. 2). At issue is the manner in which women and men are socialized; and, how the former are perceived by themselves and the latter. While there is no question that society has undergone both dramatic social and economic changes within the last score of years, attitudes toward women have failed to keep apace. That is, while it may well be necessary for the majority of women to work in order for them, their spouses, and children to achieve a desired middle-class lifestyle, they fail to be fairly treated in the fields of health care and social services relative to the entire hiring and retention process. There clearly exists a dual standard in..."
From the Paper "Sexual harassment has become a major topic of discussion and concern recently not because it is a new problem, which it is not, but because of the notoriety given the subject by the Senate confirmation hearings for Justice Clarence Thomas and the allegations of Anita Hill raised at those hearings. This event made the nation more aware of the problem and initiated a debate on the subject that continues today. Many businesses have instituted policies regarding sexual harassment in the workplace and what to do about it both before it occurs and after, but many other companies have avoided taking the necessary steps and have either pretended that the problem does not exist or have simply failed to address it. Most business analysts today find that this is not the best approach; that some policy should be developed, implemented, and communicated in the organization both to prevent..."
From the Paper "Even the most casual observation provides evidence that differences exist between men and women with regard to nonverbal
communication. For example, it is apparent that men are generally uncomfortable with such factors as eye contact and closeness of proximity. This is especially true in the case of male-male interactions. Conversely, women appear to be more comfortable with these factors when they are interacting with one another. Studies have indicated that both men and women tend to adjust these characteristics whenever the two genders interact. Thus, during male-female encounters, men tend to be more outgoing than usual in terms of nonverbal behavior, whereas women tend to be less so. This paper will discuss the various gender differences that exist in nonverbal communication, as well as the various studies which pertain to them. In addition, a discussion will be..."
From the Paper "This paper looks at bisexuality, which is currently undergoing one of its periodic surges in interest both as an identifying label for sexual preference and as a subject for scientific investigation. Difficult to define precisely, the concept of bisexuality nevertheless exerts a fascination for what it reveals about society's changing attitudes about sex, gender, and male-female relationships.
Defining bisexuality is a relatively simple exercise: it is a sexual attraction for members of both the same and the opposite sex. Defining the bisexual individual, however, is a much more difficult matter. Marjorie Garber, in her exhaustive study of the subject, Vice Versa, begins by quoting the two best-known pieces of "common wisdom": "Everyone is bisexual" and "There is no such thing as bisexuality" (1995, p. 16). The difficulty lies ..."
From the Paper "Sexism has not been eliminated from American life any more than racism has. Sexism exists because we teach our children sex-role stereotyping, and children learn from their parents the conception of "feminine" and "masculine." Much about these conceptions is not biological at all but cultural. The way we tend to think about men and women and their gender roles in society constitute the prevailing paradigm that influences our thinking. Riane Eisler points out that the prevailing paradigm makes it difficult for us to analyze properly the roles of men and women in prehistory--we have a cultural bias that we bring to the effort and that colors our decision-making processes.. Sexism is the result of that bias, a bias imposed by our processes of acculturation.
Gender roles in Western societies have been changing rapidly ..."
Abstract Discusses use of hormone therapy, or chemical castration, as an effective treatment program for recidivist sex offenders. Describes how hormone therapy works. States that permit its use. Controversy over the treatment regarding medical risks and Constitutional issues. Research studies conducted on effectiveness. Need for psychological therapy Need for future research studies.
From the Paper "For many years, the U.S. has sought to eliminate sexual offenses by treating sexual offenders with various methods such as behavioral modification therapy, relapse prevention and cognitive reconditioning (?Review of the research literature,? 2001, p. 5). Since 1981, with the discovery of the effectiveness of specific hormones in reducing testosterone levels in human beings (Berlin & Meinecke, 1981), hormone therapy, known as chemical castration, has been tested extensively on sex offenders. Essentially, the objective of administering these drugs is to reduce the blood serum testosterone levels and lead to a concomitant decrease in sexual arousal and sexual preoccupations. The drugs work by acting on the hypothalamus..."
Abstract Argues that this is not a cure-all treatment & should not be used for all sex offenders. How chemical castration (Depo Provera) works in treating paraphiliacs, but is not effective for the majority of sex offenders. Cites several reasons against chemical castration including danger of releasing sex offenders taking Depo Provera; infringement on Constitutional rights.
From the Paper "Chemical castration for sex offenders is a punishment that is rapidly gaining in popularity in the U.S., but does its effectiveness justify the violation of the rights of those treated with it? While chemical castration has been found to be effective in treating one type of sexual offender, chemical castration laws are calling for such treatments to be performed on all types of sexual offenders. The evidence indicates that the limited benefits of chemical castration are outweighed by the significant infringements of rights against those it will not help and the false sense of security that it provides.
Chemical castration is becoming a popular "get tough" measure against sex offenders that is gaining popularity across the country. In 1996 California became the first state to enact a chemical castration law, and in 1997 three other states..."
Abstract Examines benefits to employers and privacy issues of employees. Current state of the law (federal & state). Political and moral issues. Differing views of labor and business groups. Cites legal cases & decisions. Difference between a supervisor watching & employee video cameras. Employee rights advocates.
From the Paper "Should an employer be allowed to conduct video surveillance of its employees in the workplace? No, say employees, who feel that such surveillance violates their right to privacy. Yes, say employers, who argue that employees have no right to privacy in the employer's workplace, and the employer's need to prevent misconduct and maximize productivity outweigh the privacy interests of employees. This paper will examine this question, focusing on the current state of the law (both federal and state) and the continuing political and moral debate among labor and business groups.
Employers utilize video surveillance for a variety of reasons. Situations that require scrutiny include suspicion of drug use, conducting personal business on company time, revealing trade secrets, surfing the Internet, and harassment issues..."
