Abstract According to Sue, Sue and Sue (1994), the traditional psychoanalytic and psychological perspective of sadism defines it as a discrete sexual disorder in which erotic or sexual gratification is obtained from inflicting pain or punishment. Similarly, masochism is defined as a discrete disorder in which erotic or sexual gratification is obtained by receiving pain or punishment (Sue, Sue & Sue, 1994
From the Paper "SADISTIC AND MASOCHISTIC BEHAVIORS IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS
Introduction
According to Sue, Sue and Sue (1994), the traditional psychoanalytic and psychological perspective of sadism defines it as a discrete sexual disorder in which erotic or sexual gratification is obtained from inflicting pain or punishment. Similarly, masochism is defined as a discrete disorder in which erotic or sexual gratification is obtained by receiving pain or punishment (Sue, Sue & Sue, 1994).
However, as Sue, Sue and Sue (1994) also point out, current thinking on sadomasochism (S-M) tends to view the behaviors as arising from urges and impulses associated with giving and receiving pain that exist along a continuum with the full-blow disorders occupying only one end of the continuum. Thus, in any ..."
Abstract Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Response is a report on the authors' long-term study of the anatomy and physiology of human sexual response conducted during the years 1954-66. The authors' preface briefly addresses the climate of fear and suspicion that had surrounded all previous attempts at such investigation and deplores the lack of a supportive response from the biological or psychological science communities for projects of this type.
From the Paper "Masters' and Johnson's Human Sexual Response is a report on the authors' long-term study of the anatomy and physiology of human sexual response conducted during the years 1954-66. The authors' preface briefly addresses the climate of fear and suspicion that had surrounded all previous attempts at such investigation and deplores the lack of a supportive response from the biological or psychological science communities for projects of this type. Their study, limited in this volume to the clinical examination of the nature of sexual response, is presented as "a first step toward an open-door policy" and future research based in "investigative objectivity" (vii). It follows from the initial investigations of sexual behavior conducted by Kinsey from 1938 to 1952 which, as the authors note, did include questions of physiology and anatomy. In order to achieve ..."
From the Paper " Sexuality in advertising serves several purposes. The prevalent view is that sex itself is appealing, so it gets people to pay attention to the advertising message surrounding it. There is also a shock value that has become more and more important to some advertisers for the same reason--to get the attention of the consumer. American advertisers know that sex sells products and they use sex in ways both overt and subtle, depending on the product and the campaign.
Much of our culture is based on physical attractiveness and its power to persuade, to attract, to influence, and, in a real sense, to succeed. Sex is used in advertising as an expression of physical attractiveness. Our advertising media clearly believe in the power of physical attractiveness to persuade, and spokespersons for products and other people used in television..."
From the Paper "This research will examine the ability of Marxian and Weberian conceptions of class to explain patterns of socioeconomic stratification in the U.S., with reference to the roles and interplay of race, ethnicity, and gender in shaping patterns of class stratification in the U.S. The research will set forth the conceptions of class held by Marx and Weber, respectively, and then discuss how each theorist's view of class accounts for social and economic divisions within the American social structure.
Marxian ideology holds that throughout history there has been a constant struggle, manifested in interclass struggle, between individual experience and social structures that shape that experience: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles" (Marx, Manifesto 50). The ..."
A legal analysis of harrassment as sex discrimination with definition, examples, evolving Court decisions, hostile environment, employer positions and same-sex issues.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, 2000, $ 47.95
Abstract A legal analysis of harrassment as sex discrimination.
From the Paper "Sexual harassment and sexual discrimination in the workplace has always been a problem and has always been of great Importance, but the public's awareness of the issue has not always been high. This changed radically with the Clarence Thomas confirmation hearings in 1991 and with the accusations of sexual harassment leveled against him by Anita Hill. This event more than any other raised sexual harassment to a high position in the public consciousness and made it clear that such activities were degrading to women, harmful to the work environment, and detrimental to public policy. The fact that this problem had been underground for so long also showed that more knowledge of the subject was needed and perhaps that legislation was required to assure a harassment-free workplace in the future."
From the Paper "Introduction
Until recently, ethical behavior in business was not a formal topic of discussion in most business schools. In today's highly litigious society, however, business professionals and business students are coming to realize that sales and profits are no longer sufficient factors, in and of themselves, on which decisions can be based. Instead, it is vital that decisions take into account ethical issues. Ethics come into play within organizations because decisions are made not by nameless and faceless companies, but by individuals within those companies who have a set of ethics on which their decisions are based. Companies can protect themselves and their employees by putting place a code of ethics which can help guide behavior by employees within the business. This research examines an ethical situation in a business and considers..."
Abstract This paper aims to identify a correlation between gender and alcoholic consumption by analyzing gender-related data concerning alcohol consumption and determining correlations not only between gender and alcohol consumption, but also between the issues within gender that might play as catalysts to the alcohol consumption. Through analyzing the results of different studies, it shows that the social, psychological and economic factors influencing the drinking of the genders differ in many ways. It discusses whether there really is a gender gap despite the fact that many studies show that men consume far more alcohol than women and examines changes in alcoholic consumption trends, it seems that women are consuming more alcohol today than in the past.
It looks at the differences in consequences of alcoholic consumption between genders and how the reasons why women drink, the way they drink, the way it affects their bodies, and the way they recover is entirely different than for men.
From the Paper "The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has applied various methods of research regarding gender differences in response to alcohol consumption. According to NIAAA, alcohol research involving humans has traditionally been mainly focused on males. Only in recent years have studies realized the importance of including women in this topic.
Early conclusions from alcohol-related studies reveal increased vulnerability of women to damage by alcohol. NIAAA reports that within a shorter period of drinking and with less overall intake of alcohol, females are more vulnerable to the development of liver cirrhosis and brain damage due to alcohol abuse (Norton et al. 1987)."
Abstract The paper gives the opinions of both philosophers regarding natural law and homosexuality and addresses the Christian conception of natural law. Further, the paper asserts that many of the claims for a source for natural law are descriptive and are then distorted into something prescriptive. The paper concludes that natural law is not "natural" at all but is an artificial explanation for why certain behaviors are classified as unnatural.
From the Paper "When we say something is unnatural, however, there is no objective measure for this term. Man-made laws emerge from the social contract, the mythical agreement by which society was created and by which those who join society agree to abide by its laws. Thus, we know what a law is, we know what breaking a law means, and we do not argue about whether we ought to obey or not because we have accepted this precept as part of the social contract. We are all part of society, so we are all subject to society's laws."
Abstract This paper evaluates how the images of women depicted in movies can be excellent indicators of a society's view of women in that time period and how a look at some of Disney's well-known characters can give us insight into the expectations of women at the time each movie was produced. It analyzes the female lead characters from 13 different Disney films, including "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs," "Cinderella," "The Little Mermaid," "Pocahontas," and "Mulan." It explores the themes of rescue, romantic attraction and reaction in times of adversity and shows how the disparity between the Disney heroines prior to 1960 and after 1989 could not be more obvious. The earlier female leads are weak and passive. They depend entirely on others to help save them when in trouble and their major priorities are cooking, cleaning, looking beautiful and waiting for their princes to come. The later female leads are strong and active. They actually play the role of hero and rescuer more frequently than the men.
From the Paper "Snow White never for a moment considers defying the Evil Queen. She never refuses the chores that are forced upon her, never thinks of running away, and is innocent to the point of naivet?. She completely trusts the huntsman who leads her into the woods to kill her, as well as the old woman who gives her the poisoned apple. It is her beauty alone that saves her, compelling the Prince to fall in love with her and kiss her. We have no evidence that she possesses any intelligence, wit, courage, or personal strength, but if she does, they are of no use to her. She is completely dependent on the help of others, and she is very childlike. Her voice is extremely high-pitched, and she runs after the Dwarfs? approval like a small child seeking the approval of her parents."
This paper traces the traditional role of women amd the image of the stereotyped woman and contends that the entry of women into politics was related to their emancipation from restrictive traditional roles.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, 1972, $ 87.95
From the Paper "The lives of women must take new directions if they are to achieve identity and recognition at home and at work. Simone de Beauvoir, author of The Second Sex, puts it this way:
If the woman question seems trivial, it is because masculine arrogance has made of it a "quarrel"; and, when quarreling, no one any longer reasons well. People have tirelessly sought to prove that woman is superior, inferior or equal to man..We must discard the vague notions of superiority, equality, which have hitherto corrupted every discussion of the subject and start afresh .
If by "starting afresh" Miss de Beauvoir means emancipating women, then we are in for a new set of troubles because the so.called emancipated women of the '60s and '70s have turned in miscarriages, menstrual pains and "female" troubles for ulcers, ... "
From the Paper " The views of men and women differ regarding the appropriateness, acceptability, and effects on society of soft pornography. Men tend to believe it is harmless, while women have expressed the belief that it is degrading and contributes to the general societal sexism that diminishes a woman's value to society.
An examination of this thesis is one fraught with emotional and political minefields. The debate over pornography often takes place in a charged atmosphere; thus, it becomes difficult to separate issues clearly and see them for what they really are. At the base of any discussion about pornography, however, one must recognize that the issue strikes at the very heart of male(...)"
This paper Examines issues & effects of Supreme Court abortion decisions "Roe v. Wade", "Webster v. Reproductive Health Services" and "Griswold v. Connecticut".
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 10 sources, 1991, $ 95.95
From the Paper "In 1973, the Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in America. In addition, it established the right of the individual woman to chose whether or not to have an abortion. The ruling of the Supreme Court implied a right to privacy in making reproductive decisions as well as the right to freedom from government interference in making such decisions. The legalization of abortion at that time was important because it permitted the medical procedures involved to become much safer than they had been in the past. Prior to the 1973 decision, women seeking abortions had to do so illegally, and the conditions of such illegal operations were very dangerous. It has been estimated that as many as a million illegal abortions per year were conducted prior to Roe v. Wade. According to Marian Faux, a proponent of women's rights, "these unsafe, septic ... "
From the Paper "There has never been a time in society during which women have categorically been treated equal to their male counterparts, regardless as to whether the issue is the socialization process or the legislative process (Bernard, 1981, p. 2). At issue is the manner in which women and men are socialized; and, how the former are perceived by themselves and the latter. While there is no question that society has undergone both dramatic social and economic changes within the last score of years, attitudes toward women have failed to keep apace. That is, while it may well be necessary for the majority of women to work in order for them, their spouses, and children to achieve a desired middle-class lifestyle, they fail to be fairly treated in the fields of health care and social services relative to the entire hiring and retention process. There clearly exists a dual standard in..."
From the Paper "Sexual harassment has become a major topic of discussion and concern recently not because it is a new problem, which it is not, but because of the notoriety given the subject by the Senate confirmation hearings for Justice Clarence Thomas and the allegations of Anita Hill raised at those hearings. This event made the nation more aware of the problem and initiated a debate on the subject that continues today. Many businesses have instituted policies regarding sexual harassment in the workplace and what to do about it both before it occurs and after, but many other companies have avoided taking the necessary steps and have either pretended that the problem does not exist or have simply failed to address it. Most business analysts today find that this is not the best approach; that some policy should be developed, implemented, and communicated in the organization both to prevent..."
From the Paper "Even the most casual observation provides evidence that differences exist between men and women with regard to nonverbal
communication. For example, it is apparent that men are generally uncomfortable with such factors as eye contact and closeness of proximity. This is especially true in the case of male-male interactions. Conversely, women appear to be more comfortable with these factors when they are interacting with one another. Studies have indicated that both men and women tend to adjust these characteristics whenever the two genders interact. Thus, during male-female encounters, men tend to be more outgoing than usual in terms of nonverbal behavior, whereas women tend to be less so. This paper will discuss the various gender differences that exist in nonverbal communication, as well as the various studies which pertain to them. In addition, a discussion will be..."
