Abstract This paper will examine the topic of sexual harassment in the workplace, including a definition of sexual harassment and its various forms. A closer look at the employment law in this regard, as well as five case studies, will be included in the essay, which will be wrapped up with a normative analysis of how the problem is and should be resolved.
Abstract This paper will discuss the aspects of the 'glass ceiling', which affects how women are treated inferior in pay grades in the workplace. By understanding these objectives, we can see why women take the backseat to men in this aspect of workplace gender.
Abstract This paper discusses how, in this new generation of globalization and multiplicity, individuals subsist even with various differences like gender, race, religion, ethnicity or culture, disability or immigrant status. It looks at how, all through history women, have had to fight for their rights against inequality, discrimination, injustice, and subjugation of all sorts and how, in the past forty years, women have progressed enormously. It discusses how, although a woman can now easily get elected to office or hold a proper job and financially support herself and her family, it does not mean that women are given equal opportunities and rights in the United States.
From the Paper "All through history women have had to fight for their rights, against inequality, discrimination, injustice and subjugation of all sorts, though most of the time their fights have either not been given any attention or have been just hidden. The working class women have had to face various kinds of impediments in history to gain a position of equality. Along with having to face their household responsibilities and also work in horrible working condition where at every opportunity they are exploited, they have had to struggle with ? one hand tied behind them?, as stated by a working class suffragist. They have also had to compete with an ideology that had assigned them a particular position in the society and a pattern as to behave in the society."
Tags: discrimination, injustice, subjugation, rights, working, class
Abstract This paper briefly explores the cultural differences between the Cherokee and the Blackfoot in relation to sex and gender. It looks at their attitudes towards a woman's role in the family, education, the duty of the husband and wife to reproduce, and discusses how their cultures were also affected by exterior forces.
From the Paper "Many Native American Indians maintained a gender division of labor and social roles ?long before the arrival of Europeans on the North American continent (Hill, 1995).? These tribes varied in how they viewed the importance of women. Most tribes, such as the Cherokee, kept a division of labor and social roles, while encouraging ?each person to value the opposite gender as an integral part of the whole-the family, clan and tribe (Hill, 1995).? Most women were valued for their ability to reproduce and their ritualistic knowledge. As the woman aged, her status in the tribe increased. The elders of the tribe, both men and women, were mainly responsible for educating the youth. Women were held in high regard by the Cherokee and tribal law stated ?the penalty for killing a woman was double that for killing a man because of the children she might have borne (unknown, 1998).? "
Abstract This paper discusses how knowledge of cultural diversity is important at all levels of nursing, whether nurses are practicing in a clinical setting, education, research, or administration. It looks at how this knowledge comes through communication and education between clients, colleagues, and health care facilities, and how the first step in overcoming cultural diversity is the awareness of stereotypes and prejudices. It also demonstrates how cultural diversity is beneficial to all aspects of society and in nursing, since a culturally diverse group of colleagues encourages an open and flexible atmosphere that is both supportive and educational.
From the Paper "Stereotypes affect all aspects of a community, and in a healthcare setting stereotypes against male nurses can be just as traumatizing and mentally challenging as cultural stereotypes. On top of this, male nurses are sometimes regarded in certain cultures as being inadequate compared to their female counterparts and as a result are "stressed and leaving the profession faster than female nurses because of social stigmas and work conditions" (Healthcare Review, 2002). Education on the cultural significance of these stereotypes is a step towards breaking them down and could benefit the male nurse population in a healthcare institute."
Abstract An exploration of gender identity of women as their lives evolve from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. The paper discusses various factors that influence the development of this essential self-concept. It discusses the role of society, peers, family, and one's cultural surroundings, which all impact the development of gender awareness.
From the Paper "Gender identity involves not only sexuality and sexual proclivities?as in the establishment of the sexuality of the transgendered. Female gender identity arises from how a woman interacts in and with society. Traditionally, conformation to society's norms was considered paramount. Society says that a young woman should be: assigned female at birth, be feminine, see herself as a woman, and be attracted to men. Therefore, consider the definitions of some basic concepts. Gender refers to the sociocultural facet of being male or female. Sex refers to the biological side of things. Gender Identity is an individual's sense of being male or female. Gender role is the set of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, feel, and behave."
Abstract This paper discusses the topic of dating in the United States and shows how technology has affected dating in the last 50 years. The paper shows the impact of technology during this period on dating patterns of "young adults", namely, those aged 13-30, depending on the social norm of the decade. Dating has always been a ritual by which young adults find themselves and discover their sexuality while trying out potential long-term mates. The paper explains that, today, dating has changed considerably due to advances in technology, such as films, MTV, and the Internet.
From the Paper "The partners no longer need to be in the same room, car, or theater, they can be hundreds of miles away from each other and still date online. They can view films together, listen to the same music, and play games all over the Internet. They can chat whenever they want via Instant Messenger or email. The Internet has taken dating to another level, and has proved to be an excellent way for people to meet other people with the same interests and ideals."
Abstract This paper examines the topic of gender inequality and presents a review of literature that supports the argument that stereotypical roles of gender have led to inequality in marriages and gender relationships, which in turn, have impacted the ability of women to become truly financially and emotionally secure.
From the Paper "The issue of gender inequality in relationships is of great social concern, especially in light of the increasing divorce rate and the growing numbers of single mothers bringing up children. The increasing break down of the traditional family structure implies the need for women to be more and more financially independent. Yet, a review of literature on the subject indicates that gender inequality in relationships persists and has led to a situation where women are still unable to break the traditional stereotype of the female role and focus on developing an independent career."
Abstract This paper explains that the theory behind the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and all the following civil rights legislation was simply to assist people in their attempt at upward mobility. The author points out that, without the judicial system to enforce the legislation of change, the legislation becomes worth no more than the parchment upon which it is written. The paper relates that the Equal Opportunity Employment Act protects women from discrimination upon the basis of their family status.
From the Paper "The first court case that began the chain of events that created these laws was the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which established a legal precedence for the inclusion of racial segregation in public train cars. This single case began an already spirited legal climb toward a group of laws defining segregation that would later be known as Jim Crow Laws, named for a black face vaudevillian actor who was a popular racial stereotype in the late 1800s. With this initial establishment of legally enforceable segregation laws, the country was swept with laws governing everything from public schools to movie theaters and cafes."
An analysis of research on sex-typed behavior in children from a behavior analytic perspective. Reviews a number of studies done on this subject and interprets them using behavior analytic concepts.
Abstract A number of studies on sex-typed behaviors in children are summarized and analyzed using concepts from the psychological perspective of behavior analysis. Specifically, peer reinforcement and punishment of sex-typed behaviors is examined. It is argued that peers are an important factor in the socialization of children into gender-specific roles and that most gender differences are not innate, but rather are formed through the mechanisms of reinforcement and punishment.
From the Paper "The question of how children learn to behave in gender-specific ways is one for which many different explanations have been offered. There are evolutionary psychological, social-cognitive, and numerous other approaches. In this paper, I will address this issue from a behavior analytic perspective. By applying the principals of behaviorism, the processes by which children learn gender-appropriate behavior can be better understood. Specifically, I will investigate how peers reinforce and punish sex-typed behaviors in children, and how different behavior analytic concepts can help explain the results of some of the studies done in this field."
Abstract One of the most remarkable documents ever written on the subject of peace may be Aristophanes's play ,?Lysistrata.? It is a ribald, extremely sexual comedy about an extremely serious subject, namely, the subject of a war between close allies and neighbors. This paper analyzes the play and the theme of war and peace. It looks at the issue of war between the sexes and how this concept was seen through the eyes of an ancient Greek playwright.
From the Paper "Of course, in "Lysistrata" peace between Greeks is only created through war?namely a war between the sexes, ironically. The war is funny, of course, but it must be noted that even if the message of the play may be read as pacifist, it is not necessarily feminist. The women's main "weapons" at their disposal are those of their bodies, even their metaphors are of the home, of children, weaving, and yes, the marital bed. However, Lysistrata's spirit and her willingness to sacrifice what she loves"for Lysistrata does love sex, and love her husband"for a higher cause is seen as virtuous and noble by the playwright."
Abstract This paper reviews Jean Toomer's "Cane", including some powerful vignettes, which highlight just how damaging it can be for men when they do not understand and appreciate women as whole, three-dimensional beings. The paper stresses that each of the central male characters in Toomer's vignettes actually, themselves, create a distance and isolation from the very "thing" they obsess about: getting close to women. The author believes that looking at each of Toomer's vignettes and seeing how each of the male characters creates his own isolation by not seeing the whole woman clearly opens up new questions about the author himself. Maybe Toomer perceives women as flatly as some of his fictionalized male counterparts.
From the Paper "The anonymous "young men" and "old men" in "Karintha" all long in vain to have the lovely young beauty whose ?skin is like dusk, when the sun goes down.? Karintha is put on a pedestal, her idyllic beauty allowing men to project onto her all the ideals associated with beauty, like goodness and innocence. They ignore any aspect of her personality which doesn?t fit with their idea of Karintha; her mischievousness, even her proclivity for cruelty. The men adore Karintha blindly, faun over her and give her money, but instead of making her love them, they cause the opposite affect. We are told that Karintha ?has contempt for them.? "
Abstract This paper is a research into the current trends in HIV and AIDS in America, with the main focus on the demographics of people who are newly infected with the disease. Areas that are discussed include infection rates among various racial and age groups. The author also focuses on the growing sexual subculture with gay and bisexual minorities called the 'down low', which is changing the face of HIV and AIDS as many unsuspecting women are now getting HIV and AIDS from their husbands and boyfriends. Statistics are also provided to reinforce the fact that HIV and AIDS is changing its demographic path. Suggestions are also provided to help eliminate this impeding HIV and AIDS crisis.
From the Paper "HIV and AIDS have also increased in the Latino population. Approximately 40,000 people are infected with the HIV virus each year in the United States. 19 percent of these new cases are Latinos, even though they only comprise 13 percent of the population. HIV is the fourth leading cause of death for Latinos aged 25 to 44 in 2002. One factor that plays a role in this increase is that many people in the Latino community are in the United States illegally and are afraid to come forward for treatment and testing for fear of deportation. As a result of this fear, they are not as informed of the preventative measures that need to be taken to avoid being infected with HIV and AIDS. Another reason for this increase is the number of Latino men who are in prison and engaging in risky sexual activity while behind bars. They in turn infect their girlfriends or wives when they are released from prison. (Smith, 2004)."
Abstract This paper examines how nonverbal communication differs between the genders. This paper focuses on examining three forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions, eye gazes, and the ability to "decode" the individual meanings behind these gestures. The paper also looks at how men and women use and interpret these gestures differently. The last part of this paper looks at the reasons behind the gender differences in nonverbal communication, focusing on the different socialization of men and women. In this part, the paper also makes recommendations regarding the implications of these gendered forms of nonverbal communication for daily interactions.
From the Paper "In their seminal work on facial movements, Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen argued that there are six basic human emotions -- fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness and surprise. Furthermore, the researchers argued that these emotions are expressed through universal facial gestures, using the same facial-muscle movements. People from different parts of the world use the same facial expressions, regardless of culture. However, later studies found significant differences in the degrees of expressiveness in the faces of male and female subjects."
Tags: feminsim, marriage, sex, gender, facial, expression, body, language
Abstract Martin Luther King, Jr. captured a dream that ideally would epitomize a color-blind and gender-blind society. That vision has not materialized, especially in American business practices. This paper shows that sexism and racism coexist with unemployment, underemployment, and poverty. These conditions flourish in our country and feed on one another to perpetuate a cycle of unfulfilled ambitions among women and minorities. The paper argues that the so-called "glass ceiling" is discrimination, and companies who adhere to this tradition are in direct violation of both Title IX and the Civil Rights Laws of 1964 and 1991. The paper comments that what businesses and their captains fail to recognize is that society, as well as the business community, is changing, and without the valuable input of women and minorities, their businesses may very well be in jeopardy.
From the Paper "A seventy- or eighty-hour work week is commonplace for CEOs, and many in this field believe that women are not willing to make that time commitment because their role in the family is to provide a second income and be the primary caretaker of the couple's children. In addition, many women choose not to build the foundation that would qualify them for upper management. For instance, women need an advanced education and need to willingly accept work duties that include making difficult choices, taking risks or performing unpleasant tasks. Oftentimes men adopt an attitude that women deserve lower pay because they simply don?t perform as well as their male counterparts. Moreover, men attribute women's failure to a lack of understanding of the corporate structure and cite this as their biggest stumbling block."
