From the Paper "Is it morally wrong in every case to kill another human being, or are there instances in which taking another human being's life is justified? Moral philosophers have wrestled with this issue for centuries. The issue may be couched as directly as it is above--that killing is morally wrong--or it may center on specific instances which some believe alter the moral equation, such as in war, for purposes of euthanasia, or most recently, with reference to the issue of abortion. Of course, the latter involves the further question of when human life begins so that the killing of a fetus can be considered the killing of a human being. The Bible addresses the issue and does not produce as complete or direct an answer as one might think, and the utilitarian Jeremy Bentham also offers a somewhat clouded picture with different interpretations possible. Clearly, the.."
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine Aristotle's account of moral habituation and responsibility as articulated in the Nicomachean Ethics. The plan of the research will be to set forth the context in which Aristotle's description of private virtue and social responsibility emerges, and then to discuss Aristotle's reasons for claiming that the habits of moral excellence (virtue) are formed in childhood on one hand and how that view can be reconciled with the view that virtue involves choice on the other.
To appreciate Aristotle's explanation of virtue and responsibility as aspects of ethics, it is first necessary to realize the world view from which that explanation arises. Aristotle views ethics as a so-called practical science, which is to say that ethics is something that has application to real life beyond.."
From the Paper "This research discusses the book, When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals, by Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson and Susan McCarthy, which presents anecdotal evidence for the existence of feelings in animals. This research also draws on several other sources to supplement the discussion.
Human emotions are often hard to describe. If people are unable to describe how they are feeling, are the people unable to feel emotion? Or perhaps they are of limited verbal ability and have difficulty expressing any thought. The argument that an emotion does not exist until a person is able to describe and verbalize the feeling is frequently used to discount and discredit the belief that animals have emotional lives. Animals can and do experience emotions. They express them through their actions and behaviors instead of words."
Examines charges of infidelity & perjury, media & public's responses, roles of Hillary Clinton & prosecutor Starr and the issue of private vs. public morality.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, 1999, $ 63.95
From the Paper "Despite all the marital infidelities alleged against President Clinton in early 1998 his approval ratings soared higher and higher. When asked if infidelity (admitted, proved, or alleged) had any effect on Clinton's ability to govern, the majority of the American people seemed to have decided that it did not. His alleged actions, unless they constituted sexual harassment, were not crimes. The Special Prosecutor, Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr, did not accuse the President of being unfaithful to his wife but of committing perjury and encouraging another person to commit perjury. The charges of infidelity would, therefore, only diminish the President's ability to do his job if they caused a huge loss of confidence within his party, the government, and the American people. This has not happened so far--which may mean that people do not believe such actions.."
Examining the Critiques Code: looking at its ethical foundation, usefulness, principles & theories and shortcomings. Also compared with the American Medical Association's ethics code.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 14 sources, 1999, $ 63.95
From the Paper "THE AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION CODE OF ETHICS: A CRITIQUE
Introduction
This research critiques the Code of Ethics of the American Nurse's Association (ASN). The Code of Ethics is critiqued with respect to (1) the ethical foundation of the Code, (2) the usefulness of the Code in nursing practice, (3) principles and theories that underlie the Code, (4) principles of nursing practice that are not addressed in the code, and (5) a comparing and contrasting of the Code with the Principles of Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA).
Ethical Foundation of the Code
In the contemporary period, utilitarianism and deontology are the ethical theories that tend to command the greatest level of attention in ethical considerations involving the health.."
An ethical analysis. Examines types, guidelines, quid pro quo, hostile environment, theories and models (balance theory, optimal rational model, and the bounded rational model).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, 1999, $ 47.95
From the Paper "SEXUAL HARASSMENT AS AN ETHICAL DILEMMA
This research considers sexual harassment as an ethical dilemma in the business (or organizational) environment. Within the realm of ethics, balance theory, the optimal rational model, the bounded rational model, the intuitive model, and the concept of propinquity are discussed.
The topic of sexual harassment has become increasingly importance in the United States as women-the usual targets of sexual harassment-have come to comprise a larger proportion of the country's work force (Lee & Greenlaw, 1995). A study of federal workers revealed that 42 percent of the female employees reported being sexually harassed within a two-year period (Merit Systems Protection Board, 1988). Another study found that one-half or more of working women can expect to be sexually harassed during their ..."
Discusses the ethical assessment of the use of alar pesticide, e-coli outbreaks, the Oprah Winfrey defamation case, state laws, social responsibility and theories.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, 1999, $ 63.95
Abstract Several years ago, the public affairs and news television program "60 Minutes" on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) televised a segment concerning the use of the pesticide Alar on apples by producers in the State of Washington. The implication of the report, if not directly charged in the presentation, was that the pesticide could be dangerous to human health and that the apple producers had failed to warn consumers.
From the Paper "AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS DEFAMATION LAWS: AN ETHICAL ASSESSMENT
Introduction
This research examines agricultural products defamation laws. These laws are assessed from an ethical basis.
Development of the Issue
Several years ago, the public affairs and news television program "60 Minutes" on the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) televised a segment concerning the use of the pesticide Alar on apples by producers in the State of Washington. The implication of the report, if not directly charged in the presentation, was that the pesticide could be dangerous to human health and that the apple producers had failed to warn consumers. Apple sales did suffer in the wake of the telecast of the segment on "60 Minutes." The apple producers in the State of Washington ..."
A discussion of the reasons for, the legality of, ethics, human rights issues and the role of the Government in forced sterilization as well as its applicability and related technology.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1999, $ 47.95
Abstract " Forced contraception has been suggested as a legal means to address certain social problems, specifically to prevent women convicted of child abuse or drug abuse from having more children. The technical means to achieve this end are currently available without recourse to the more intrusive and permanent process of sterilization, which has been used in the past.
From the Paper " Forced contraception has been suggested as a legal means to address certain social problems, specifically to prevent women convicted of child abuse or drug abuse from having more children. The technical means to achieve this end are currently available without recourse to the more intrusive and permanent process of sterilization, which has been used in the past. Norplant is the name of the device that can be implanted in the arm and that can prevent pregnancy. The issue has engendered considerable argument, with opponents seeing this as an unnecessary and unwarranted government invasion or as the precursor to an even more widespread use of this method for preventing different groups of people from having children--those on welfare, for instance, or people convicted of crime having nothing to do with children. Proponents see this as a necessary step to protect..."
From the Paper "Advances in medical science have helped extend the quantity and the quality of life. Paradoxically, by extending the lives of terminally ill patients, those advances have created a raging debate about euthanasia. Many argue that just because we can keep certain people alive does not necessarily mean that we should keep them alive. This paper will examine the morality of euthanasia.
Euthanasia is defined as "the action of inducing the painless death of a person for reasons assumed to be merciful" (Morris, 1980, p. 453). That broad definition covers three different situations. Passive euthanasia occurs when a patient's life support equipment is turned off, when food or water is ..."
Abstract The paper uses an example of a work-related complaint to show how Kegan and Lahey would reword the complaint using a four-step process in order to expose the assumptions and underlying beliefs of the person lodging the complaint and, thereby, finding a solution to the problem. The paper then describes the process of critical thinking and relates it to Kegan and Lahey's exercize. The writer then uses Kegan and Lahey's approach to prepare a lesson plan for a Lamaze class.
From the Paper "The first step in Kegan and Lahey's (1994) process of language awakening resides in considering a complaint and transforming it to a language of commitment. For instance, a staff member of an institution might consider his work environment creatively stifling. In this theory, the authors suggest using a sentence stem such as ?I am committed to the value and importance of____? to rearrange this complaint into a language of commitment, such as ?I am committed to the value and importance of a professional environment that fosters the capacity for creativity.? This necessary first step brings to the participant a conscious recognition of possible problems by establishing a sought-after ideal."
A discussion of the differences in immigration policy of those entering America from a Western country and those from an Arab country and the different ethics of these cultures.
Abstract This paper evaluates the difficulties in the legislation of the immigration policy in the United States in the light of September 11 2001 which seem to be exacerbated by an apparent gap between Judeo-Christian and Islamic ethics and how this gap divides both Western and Arabic cultures. It examines whether there is a common ethic that defines both cultures and whether Judeo-Christian and Islamic ethics come from a common source.
From the Paper "Certainly, the immigration policies of the United States have long been seen as racist and exclusionary. Critics have argued that America's recent war on terror has resulted in an increasingly racist and exclusive system. Certainly, the US government must attempt to stop terrorists like those from the Al Qaeda group of Osama bin Laden from entering into the United States. However, critics argue that all Islamic people are being painted with the same brush, and the US immigration policies simply reflect the fundamental differences between Judeo-Christian and Islamic countries. "
Abstract The writer uses ancient philosopher, Plato's "Republic" to illustrate why a just life is better than an unjust life. The paper shows how just and unjust is not as simple as dividing good from bad. It is a total package of choices that may take years to unfold and be seen for what it is. It shows that the just life is a life with honesty, virtue, and goodness as an underlying foundation of the life itself.
From the Paper "Leading a just life does not mean one have to purposely suffer, or pretend to suffer. It is acceptable to succeed and to believe that that success is more than the unjust may have. A just person is not required to be a martyr. It is a happier life and there is nothing wrong with feeling good about those choices. A just life is happier than an unjust life because the choices are something that makes the just person feel good about themselves. It allows them to build a reputation of trust and strong character among those they live with, work with and socialize with."
Abstract Argues that "Beavis and Butt-Head" is a show that has no moral concept. Shows how the two characters, Beavis and Butt-Head, live a life full of immoral behavior. It explores the symbolism throughout the show and lack of authoritative figures.
From the Paper "Whether it is in the household or the classroom, kids will always have authoritative figures disciplining them. Kids need to have authority to teach them what's right and wrong. Can you remember when you where a kid? It would have been great not having someone telling you what to do, or not having to ask permission to do something. Kids are always rebellious against authority. It is, however, necessary for a kid to have these figures teaching them right from wrong. The media plays a different role teaching kids what's right and wrong. The television show that best represents this lack of authority in a kid's life is Beavis and Butt-Head. Beavis and Butt-Head do not have authoritative figures. "
Abstract The paper examines the views of philosopher, Aristotle's views on self love as reflected in Chapter 8, Book 9 of his "Nichomachean Ethics". The paper discusses Aristotle's question whether self love is justifiable or whether it's a characteristic that is detrimental to a person's personality. The paper also compares Aristotle's views to those of Plato's in his book the "Republic" and concludes that their beliefs on self love are similar.
From the Paper "In chapter eight, book nine, of Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of self love. He contrasts the behaviors of those who would appear to be self-lovers from those who seek to do good for others. In common terms their actions could be thought of as selfish and selfless. He illustrates the characteristics of both and by the end of chapter eight, tells the reader which one he believes is more appropriately considered a self lover and which is better."
Abstract The paper discusses how the act of prostitution presents a dilemma where, by Kantian ethics, it cannot serve as a morally correct universal law but that it is subject to circumstances. It shows that under the concept of utilitarianism, however, prostitution is justifiable if the costs of the action are less than the benefits received. The paper concludes that if an action cannot become a universal law, as in the case of prostitution where it cannot be said that "prostitution is ethical", that action cannot be termed as morally correct because, as the statistics have shown, its adverse effects would somehow outdo benefits.
From the Paper "From the utilitarianism standpoint, however the act of prostitution is not unethical if it serves or benefits a greater number of people while harming a smaller number. Moreover if the consequences of the action provide benefit such as economic, to the person who undertakes it then it follows that the action cannot be condemned on moral grounds.
For instance, in United States prostitution remains illegal, based on three assumptions; that prostitution leads to organized crime, that prostitution is linked to increase in general crime and that prostitution leads to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. However it has been seen that these assumptions are not supported by statistics."
