Abstract This paper discusses contemporary ethical issues in the criminal justice system; from the municipal levels all the way up through the courts and the corrections system. The paper discusses how sometimes it is necessary to have intervention of the court in order to ensure that these ethical issues are addressed and that the civil rights of the public are not compromised.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice Ethics
Areas of Ethical Concerns
Events Affecting Criminal Justice System
Admissible Confessions After Periods of Detainment
McNabb-Mallory Rule
Indigent Defense
Flawed Defense System
Indigent Defense System Reform
Prosecutorial Misconduct
The Duke Lacrosse Team Case
Significance of Events
Impact of Improvements to the Indigent Defense System
Impact of Prosecutorial Misconduct
Future of the Criminal Justice System
Technology in Criminal Justice
Other Changes in the Criminal Justice Field
Civilian Oversight of Police Departments
Conclusion
From the Paper "All levels of the criminal justice system encounter difficult moral and ethical issues on a daily basis. Previous court decisions have set forth safeguards and guidelines determining what are considered ethical behavior. Additional question regarding the ethical behavior of criminal justice employees will continue to be an issue as technological advancements continued to be used in the profession for example. The safeguards that have been previously determined by the court system will continue to shape the ethical behavior by the criminal justice professionals that work within. Without these safeguards, criminal justice professionals would be able be free to engage in any behavior they wished to without the regard of ethics thus placing the public is at risk for being on the receipt of misconduct."
Abstract A look at the moral questions around human cloning. The author discusses the effects of mass media on views of cloning, the the religious and scientific questions centered around the topic and the influence that cloning has on society as a whole.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Media Representation of Cloning
Uniqueness and Individuality
Motivations Behind Cloning
The Mad Scientist
Religion on Cloning
Is Cloning Permissible
Crossing the Line
Science and Religion
Unstoppable Science
Who is the Parent
The Dangers in Cloning.
Cellular Problems
A Twist on Creation
Medical OK Human-Cloning No Way
Government Regulations
Anti-abortionists
Clone Animals Benefits Human.
The Human Factor
Being Human ? A Life Worth Living
Expectations
Immortality
Author's Opinions
Paradigms
Act/Result-based
Conclusions
Work Cited
From the Paper "In the near future, we will have to face the fact that the course of science will always win and inevitability cloning of human or at least the cloning of organs will be performed. The question is "is cloning human beings acceptable and where do we draw the line"? Cloning has sparked controversies over the past few years. With the race to map the DNA and its completion, it has steered up the imagination of our society of what to come. In this paper, we will discus how the mass media has influenced our views and values associated with a human life and the possibility of it being cloned. We will also look at the religious point of view as well as the science on this issue. We will take a quick look on how cloning has and will affect society along with what it is to be human. This technology is still new and a lot the following will be opinions, ideas and reflections on this issue. One must take them into consideration. If one simply jumps to a conclusion, then one is fool hearted and naive since it is still too early to make such a decision whether it is permissible to clone to clone human beings. There is simply no right or wrong answer, just a matter of moral, ethics and what you believe in. For decades, cloning has been a novelty of science fiction movies but with the resent development in biotechnology and the arrival of Dolly the cloned sheep, the possibility of cloning a human being came ever so close to reality."
Abstract This is an essay about the progression of morality. The author argues that morality progresses in human beings in one drastic, breathtaking moment, rather than gradually. This is an anecdotal, subjective view of the progression of morality.
From the Paper "To be truly human is to experience the universal struggle between good and evil. During early childhood, one is entirely unaware of what is "good" and what is ?bad.? One only knows what actions reap rewards and what actions provoke punishments. There comes a time in everyone's life when he or she discovers morals, and that time is the beginning of being truly human. That time is not a gradual shift; it is a moment, and a defining one in everyone's life?though it may not seem to be that important at the time. Because that moment is mostly a strange chill on the back of one's neck after doing something evil, or a light, airy feeling of joy at having done something benevolent, it is not an especially extraordinary moment. It is only with hindsight that the true meaning of that chill or that joy may be gleaned. As it just so happens, I recall when I discovered the revolting sweetness of being malicious and first understood evil as a real phenomenon, rather than what one calls a villain on a Saturday morning cartoon."
Abstract This paper looks at issues of death and the medical ethics involved . The author examines the phenomena of comas and brain death and the moral and ethical dilemmas concerned.
From the Paper "Looking back throughout the history of medicine, there was a time when people believed that death occurred when the heart stopped and breathing ceased. Cessation of respiration was often determined by placing a feather beneath the nose of the patient where it would move with the slightest breath. A doctor simply placed their ear on the patient's chest and listened for a heartbeat to determine if the person was still alive. However, since little was known about states of limited or nonexistent consciousness in which a heartbeat was undetectable to the human ear, some people were buried alive. Tragedies like this made it clear that new methods were needed to determine when a person was considered dead. "
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth analysis of Bernal Diaz's "The Conquest of New Spain". The paper examines the shroud of mystery surrounding the details of Montezuma's death and, by utilizing the opinions of David Boruchoff and the actual text of Diaz's book, this paper briefly highlighting the key points that Diaz makes in his retelling of Montezuma's unfortunate murder. The paper then brings to light the rational faults and discrepancies within the original text and counters these apparent errors, by applying common sense and general knowledge of the era.
From the Paper " The ?readable report,? a concept from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, is easily applicable to Bernal D?az's The Conquest of New Spain. The aforementioned ?readable report,? in a general sense, indicates that the retelling of a situation or event is portrayed in a manner that benefits the teller even if distortion of the truth is required. D?az, in his account of Montezuma's death, makes the Spanish appear blameless and seemingly innocent of Montezuma's blood. Throughout the sequence of events leading up to Montezuma's death, there are constant indictments of the Mexicans causing the death of their own leader. "
Abstract This paper examines the conflict a soldier faces between following orders and following morality; military code and personal responsibility for one's actions. The author discussed the Nuremberg trials, the Geneva Convention, and the My Lai massacre.
From the Paper:
"The most obvious party responsible for what the military does is the military itself. The people who actually carry out the violence of war and those who give the direct order to do so are most clearly responsible for the results. They bear the brunt of the physical evidence that war leaves behind. Members of the armed forces are also the most at risk to face the consequences of the violence they cause because of the conflicting beliefs they are asked to hold. The concepts of personal responsibility and superior orders constitute a type of ethical doublespeak that creates a moral dilemma for military personnel."
Tags: convention, geneva, lai, massacre, morality, nuremburg, soldier, trials, war
Abstract This paper discusses the controversial use of MSG that began in the 1970s, and takes a philosophical approach as to whether or not it's use is ethical.
From the paper:
"According to Kant, being a rationalist, the utilitarian point of view being used is very wrong. The FDA has a duty to society to protect them from substances like MSG. Using the utilitarian perspective in this case seems very egoistic and selfish; if MSG went off the market, food sales would take a drop, many companies would have to come up with different products that would sell without containing MSG."
Abstract This paper summarizes the ASB exposure draft on Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit. This draft, which supercedes SAS 82, introduces new concepts and requirements to assist the auditor in detecting fraud. It discusses the definition of fraud, identifying risk of fraud, and general assessment of fraud risk. The summary outlines the appropriate response to each fraud risk identified through the analytical process, including evaluation of implications.
From the Paper "As the need for new standards and ways to look for this fraud got stronger, the AICPA auditing standards board (ASB) responded by issuing an exposure draft on Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit. This exposure draft would supersede SAS 82, which is the current standard for detecting fraud in an audit. The exposure draft was not meant to change any of the auditor's responsibilities in a financial statement audit but rather introduces new concepts and requirements to assist the auditor in detecting fraud. Some of the major areas that the exposure draft discusses are the description and characteristics of fraud, discussion of fraud and professional skepticism, a wider range of inquiries, identifying and assessing risks that can result in fraud, evaluating programs and controls and responding to the results of the assessment. "
Abstract This essay examines the dilemma in making a decision put before a hypothetical student at McGill University. If the ends always justify the means and personal ambition is a virtue, then one would most certainly take a job that promised one personal rewards and might also, as an added, but not necessary bonus, help the rest of humanity. However this paper looks at this decision from the perspective of the Mahayan Buddhist.
From the Paper "While it is not moral to kill, the Buddhist also recognizes the fact that death is not the end, that in each life all sentient beings inhabit a mortal body that appears in the transient world and is lead through the cycle of death and rebirth to enlightenment. It may be that part of one's mission in a life is to help create medicines that will benefit many others."
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of 'Just Wars'. The author defines what a just war is and examines the various criteria for a war to be considered a "just war." The paper presents an in-depth look at the war against terrorism and how this idea falls into the category of just wars and a look at religious wars and how they qualify. A detailed look at Islam and the conflict between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union is presented.
From the Paper "Whether it is possible to wage a just war depends on many factors and also on the objective situation. But if there is just causes enough to warrant and justify a just war, there will probably automatically come into play forces that will culminate in war. Injustice has its own dynamics. If there are compelling reasons to wage a war, people will be willing to risk their lives. If the very survival of a people or state is threatened and it is pressed against the wall, so that the doctrines of a just cause can be invoked, the choice is often between risking death fighting the just war, or risking death by becoming a victim of aggression or brutality. Obviously, in such a situation many people would make the first choice."
Tags: war, conflict, resolve, justice, true, significant
Abstract This paper discusses how the United Nations has dealt with two international human rights violations--torture and religious intolerance. It shows how in these specific areas the UN has not been successful and examines why.
From the Paper "In the section of the United Nations' report devoted to torture, it is noted that over the years there have been a significant number of cases in which torture victims are from minority racial or ethnic groups. The report says that members of racial or ethnic groups are not usually subjected to particular forms of torture applied uniquely to them because they are members of these groups. However, minorities and members of ethnic groups are disproportionately subjected to torture. Also, ethnic differences may often contribute to the process of the dehumanization of the victim, as ethnicity and race are seen by some law enforcement officials as indicators of criminality and often lead to a harsher treatment."
Abstract This paper addresses the motives behind Dr. Frankenstein's creation, and examines those motives from a moral perspective. The paper shows how this novel seems to be a warning that even though an "evil side" lurks within all of us, letting that side out is likely to have disastrous consequences.
From the Paper "The character of Victor Frankenstein faces a powerful moral dilemma in regards to his decision to circumvent moral choice for the sake of self-interest. Although on the surface, the creation of the monster appears to be the product of Victor's scientific curiosities, in actuality, Victor's creation is ultimately a product of the doctor's irrational need, or in a more sweeping sense, society's irrational need, to confront the morally depraved alter-ego that allegedly resides in all of us."
Abstract A discussion on human cloning that addresses questions such as: Would a clone be a unique individual or an exact copy? How is cloning achieved? What possibilities are there for organ and tissue cloning? and is cloning a viable option for infertility or gay and lesbian couples?
From the Paper "I remember when I was young hearing about Louise Brown, the "test tube baby". Although I was young I was not completely uneducated about science, but just from the term test tube baby I pictured in my mind an embryo being grown, then gestation occurring in a laboratory. The term carries with it a negative connotation. The correct term, in vitro fertilization is much more appealing than test tube baby and is obviously scientifically more correct."
Abstract The following paper compares Watergate, a general term used to describe the complex web of political scandals between 1972 and 1974 in the United States to Whitewater, which involved personal and business dealings of the Clintons, their partners and their associates unrelated to the nation's business. The writer focuses on the way in which Nixon and Clinton, respectively, shattered the trust of the people and degraded themselves in the eyes of their nation, in both these scandals.
From the Paper For Nixon, what he did was something that not a single person would have tolerated. Even a common man wants the right of his privacy to be maintained. And so when the president tries to invade the privacy of senior officials, then that will not be tolerated at all. For what Nixon had in his very own mind, turned against him and the joke was on him. He thought of invading someone";s privacy to get an insight to whatever was happening around in the Oval Office. What turned out to be was the fact that people got to know what was going on in the Oval instead of the other way round. Nixon tried to take charge of everything thus betraying the trust of so many workers that were working for him and for the country.On the other hand, Clinton was pictured as a person who betrayed the government and the Local people by underpaying the taxes. The question is not what amount was involved but the question is that where all the people in a country are paying their taxes, then the government should also do the same. The government is not authorized to let go of something like this. In short, no one is excused from such an act. The government and the local public all are inclined to pay their taxes and they cannot be excused no matter what. The very thought that one is the president and the other is a common man does not give an upper hand to the president to not to pay his taxes."
Abstract This paper examines how an organization is affected by change, both in the external environment and within the organization. The author finds that organizational structures typically have rules and regulations that affect implementation of change. Issues of labor and management, communication, risk management and human relations are addressed in light of how they affect an organization's adaptation to change.
From the Paper "Change is normal and life's one salient certainties. The environment in which an organization operates is constantly changing (Mukherjee and Mukherjee, 2001). How an individual relates to change determines the achievement of success. While change is good for an organization"it helps stimulate the organization to grow"change can be difficult to implement in an organization. Recognizing the role of the workers in an organization is important. Ethical dilemmas generally occur when values conflict; consequently hampering the implementation of changes in an organization."
Tags: economy, management, policy, employees, production
