An analysis of two policies used to reduce urban unemployment.
Written in 2006; 4,197 words; 4 sources; MLA; $ 112.95
Paper Summary:
The paper defines and discusses two policies used to reduce urban unemployment, namely the demand-side and the supply-side policies and the problems associated with them. In conclusion, the writer states that the workings of an urban community are complex and that to seek a single equation that solves the problem of urban unemployment is an enormously difficult task that involves a great deal of wise economics and forecasting.
From the Paper:
"Immergluck discusses the results for why a high proportion of blacks for a zone increases unemployment rates. This he attributes to three primary factors that include employment discrimination, a lack of job networks, and unmeasured skill or educational differences. He cites a study by Turner (1991) that indicates blacks continue to be victims of employment discrimination. A 1987 study by Wilson argues that "the increasing concentration of poverty in, and the exodus of middle-class blacks from black zones have left many blacks with few personal connections to working adults" (Immergluck 20). Immergluck reasons that the social isolation of many highly segregated, lower-income black zones leads to a disconnection from job networks, especially for lower-skilled residents (Immergluck 20). A 1990,1991 study by Orfield argues that educational segregation and differences in schooling between white students who reside mostly in the suburbs and black students of the central city have led to the large scale differences in the achievements between black and white students. Immergluck's finding that race as a large factor in employment may have been rooted in educational differences which is even more responsible for the affects of race on employment than discrimination or access to job networks. Those graduating from inner city schools may not have received as well an education as those in predominantly white suburban schools. That education is a key determinant in neighbourhood employment rates is corroborated by a thesis used by Immergluck of Kasarda in a 1993 study which states "the low skills of many urban residents explain a good deal of employment problems in an increasingly technological economy" (Immergluck 20). This would help to explain why skill mismatch creates more of the urban neighbourhood employment problem than spatial mismatch. Drawing from the very modest effects of increasing the number of jobs to labour force ratio, Immergluck concludes that "efforts that seek solely to increase the aggregate number of jobs very near high-unemployment neighbourhoods are not likely to improve resident employment rates in these areas substantially" (Immergluck 21). The focus instead should be on creating jobs similar to the occupation levels of local residents, and in urban areas with high unemployment, this focus should be on increasing numbers of lower-skilled jobs. Lower-skilled jobs pay less than moderate-skilled jobs, but moderate-skilled jobs are accessible only to a limited number of the unemployed (Immergluck 21)."
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