Paper Summary:

By the late 19th century, many educated Chinese had become deeply disillusioned with their culture because neither Confucianism nor anything else within the Chinese tradition seemed adequate to meet the challenge of Western and Japanese imperialism. The potent fear that the foreigners would carve up China until it ceased to exist as an independent entity, together with increasing despair over the ineptitude of China's Manchu rulers, encouraged the growth of nationalist sentiment whose ultimate goal was a return to autonomy. This paper examines how, in foreign affairs during the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s, China suffered a number of setbacks from foreign aggressors. One specific Western power was France, which had had previous relationships with China and then began moving into the area of Annam, or modern-day Vietnam.

From the Paper:

"The French discovered an alternate route that would facilitate better trading routes within China's Yunnan province. They looked towards seizing parts of north Annam. In 1874 a new treaty was signed which announced French control of Cochin China, the right to control Annamese foreign relationships, and navigation along the Red River. China had other internal and foreign issues occupying its governmental spectrum and took no action against France for stating its control over Annam. China ignored the treaty of 1874 under the pretence that Annam already was a tributary state under its control. French expansion into Indochina met with other foreign approval in Europe."

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