Paper Summary:

This paper explains that Rensis Likert is famous for his innovative 1-5 Likert Scales, which measures attitudes, and the founding and directorship of the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research. The author describes the four main types of management styles in modern-day organizations as identified by Likert in his theory of management: exploitative, benevolent, consultative and participative. The paper relates that Likert's books on his theories of management, written in the 1960s and 1970s, became extremely popular in Japan, which impacted modern Japanese organizations and thereby American business management.

From the Paper:

"Under the consultative system, the leaders did not have enough trust in their subordinates. The motivation was by rewards and most of the employees had some involvement. Those in the higher levels had responsibility to achieve organization goals. There was some communication with the leadership and among themselves as well as some amount of team work. And under the participative type, superiors had complete confidence in their subordinates. Likert considered this the best type. Motivation was by economic rewards, determined by set goals according to participation."

Sample of Sources Used:

• About.com (2006). Resis Likert. About, Inc. http://experts.about.com/e/r/re/rensis_likert.htm
• Accel-Team (2006). Human Relations Contributors: Rensis Likert. http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_04_likert.html
• Likert, R. (1961). "Systems 1 to 4." New Patterns of Management. McGrawHill. http://change.freeuk.com/learning/business/systems1to4.html
• ----------- (1967). "Systems 1 to 4." The Human Organization: Its Management and Value. McGrawhill. http://change.freeuk.com/learning/business/systems1to4.html
• Taylor, J. K. (1985). Participative Management Lifts Lab Productivity. Medical Laboratory Observer, Nelson Publishing. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3230/is_418/ai_4193939

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