A literature review of the concept of management by objectives.
Written in 2002; 1,328 words; 13 sources; MLA; $ 44.95
Paper Summary:
This paper looks at management by objectives, a part of the body of participative management theory. It provides a brief history of the theory and shows how developments in participative management techniques have lead to a greater emphasis on a relationships-orientation for managers, as opposed to the more traditional task orientation. It shows how the essence of any form of participative management is that the decision making process is not authoritarian and how management by objectives is primarily, a system of management that is designed to bring about the participation of all, or almost all, of the managers of an organization in the major decision processes of the organization. It also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages associated with group decision-making.
From the Paper:
"Brady (1973) said that, within a system of management-by-objectives, there is an explicit attempt to state publicly the basic goals and quantifiable objectives of the organization. Priorities are then established for these goals and objectives, which are used as guides for allocating the organization's resources during the time for which the organizational goals apply. These goals and objectives also give the organization a yardstick against which the success of the year's activities may be measured. Thus, management-by-objectives involves the joint setting of organizational objectives by superior and subordinate, the monitoring of these objectives during the time period for which they are established, and a performance appraisal within the framework of the established objectives (Davis, 1999)."
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