Hormone Replacement Therapy

Paper Summary:

In this article, the writer explains menopause as a natural aging process whereby a woman passes from the reproductive years, with active ovarian function, to the non-reproductive years in which the function of ovaries declines. Quite simply, menopause denotes a cessation of monthly menstrual periods. The writer maintains that it is evident that menopausal women experience symptoms that are reflective of low levels of estrogen. The writer discusses that women undergoing menopause have been treated with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to prevent osteoporosis and address vasomotor symptoms such as hot flushes. The writer concludes that the efficacy of the various alternatives is still being investigated as a reliable solution to menopausal symptoms.

From the Paper:

"The female begins to have irregular menses, occurring at varying or unpredictable times of the month. The number of days of the menstrual period becomes shorter or longer, and the amount becomes increasingly scarce. Eventually, her menstrual period halts altogether; this state is called amenorrhea. Menopause is characterized by amenorrhea of 12 months. Women who are between 45 to 57 years old may have already reached the state of menopause. It has been found that menopause is not affected by race or ethnicity. However, it was found that smokers tend to reach menopause 2 years earlier than those who do not smoke.
"Aside from amenorrhea, women going through menopause experience several symptoms. One of the concerns of women that may warrant treatment is having hot flushes. A hot flush is a vasomotor symptom that is characterized by a sudden feeling of heat in the upper part or all of one's body."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Bitzer, J., Kenemans, P.,a nd Mueck, A. O. (2008). "Breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women using testosterone in combination with hormone replacement therapy." Maturitas, 59: 209-218.
• Carroll, D. G. (2006). "Nonhormonal therapies for hot flashes in menopause." American Family Physicians, 73: 457-464.
• Cotreau, M. M., Chennathukuzhi, V. M., Harris, H. A., Han, L., et al. (2007). "A study of 17 -estradiol-regulated genes in the vagina of postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy." Maturitas, 58: 366-376.
• Dai, K., Jian, J., Bosland, M., Frenkel, K., Bernhardt, G., and Huang, X. (2008). "Roles of hormone replacement therapy and iron in proliferation of breast epithelial cells with different estrogen and progesterone receptor status." The Breast, 17: 172-179.
• Goldman, L. and Ausiello, D. (2007). Cecil Medicine, 23rd ed., PA: Saunders Elsevier.

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• Research Proposal # 75472 : "Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) "

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