An analysis of the empirical data regarding factors that affect corruption and an evaluation of the cost of corruption on the economy.
Written in 2006; 3,136 words; 9 sources; MLA; $ 91.95
Paper Summary:
This paper hypothesizes that education levels, GDP in purchasing power parity terms, healthy life expectancy (HALE), rate of unemployment, the total fertility rate (TFR) and openness of a country to foreign trade affect the corruption index of a country. The paper then makes an effort to analyze the effects of these variables on CPI quantitatively and to draw the appropriate inferences.
Table of Contents
Overview of the Linkages
Summary and Policy Implications
Annexure
From the Paper:
"Corruption has been defined in many ways. However, an often quoted definition of corruption is one by Nye, which considers corruption "...a behavior which deviates from the normal duties of a public role because of private-regarding pecuniary or status gains; or violates rules against the exercise of certain types of private-regarding influence"(Nye,1967). However, this paper uses the definition of the Transparency International (TI) who has defined corruption as the abuse of public office for private gain. The surveys used in compiling the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) tend to ask questions in line with the misuse of public power for private benefit, with a focus for example, on bribe-taking by public officials in public procurement. The sources do not distinguish between administrative and political corruption. The CPI used in this paper is the latest available CPI, 2003 published by the Transparency International. Using formal and empirical approaches several authors show that corruption detracts investors, reduces the productivity of public expenditures, distorts the allocation of resources and thus lowers economic growth. These findings are reflected in the strategies of most of the international organizations like World Bank, IMF, United Nations Anticorruption Treaty (2003) etc. Corruption is not restricted to developing countries only. However, a number of studies have revealed that rich countries generally have lesser degree of corruption in public life than the poorer nations. Corruption is not a new phenomenon. However, with the evolution, rising independence & increased public access of different forms of media, especially in the last three decades, the cases of corruptions are reported more. This has increased awareness among the citizens about corruption. In many societies, corruption exacts heavy economic costs, distorts the operation of free markets, slows down economic development and destroys the ability of institutions and bureaucracies to deliver the services that society may expect. Corruption also has an adverse influence in reducing poverty because it diverts resources from the poor to the rich. A study has found that a one standard deviation (2.38 point) improvement in the corruption index is associated with over a 4% increase in a country's investment rate and over a half percentage point increase in the per capita growth rate. The study by Gopal J. Yadav (2005) hypothesized that the level of corruption would be lower in a country with higher per capita income, higher level of education and greater exposure to other nations. This paper hypothesizes that Education levels, GDP in Purchasing Power Parity terms, healthy life expectancy (HALE), rate of unemployment, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) and openness of a country to foreign trade affect the corruption index of a country. However, interdependence of some of these variables cannot be ruled out. Data relating to 77 countries across the globe were available for analysis. This paper makes an effort to analyze the effects of these variables on CPI quantitatively and draws inferences."
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