This paper discusses the famous Supreme Court public school desegregation case, "Brown vs. Board of Education," the first time social science evidence was allowed in a court of the United States.
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Paper Summary:
This paper explains that the only way to overturn "Plessy vs. Ferguson," which was the precedent set in 1896 that allowed separate but equal school systems for blacks and whites, was to prove legitimately by presenting valid evidence, which supported the NAACP challenge, that separate could not be equal. The author points out that Thurgood Marshall, then lawyer for the NAACP, turned to social scientist Kenneth B. Clark, who gathered convincing evidence that ultimately proved segregation in public schools was a direct violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The paper explains that experiments demonstrated that, as a colored child observed the society in which he or she lived, that child associated whiteness with superior advantage, achievement, progress, and power, all of which were perceived essential to being successful in the competitive American culture.
From the Paper:
"In order to convince the Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall knew he would have to present some form of scientific evidence that could not leave room for a contradictory argument. So, Dr. Clark and his team devised a foolproof experiment to determine the influence of skin color as a factor in racial identification of Negro preschool children. Samples of children from three different age groups were tested: three, four, and five years of age. Also, the subjects were divided into three categories on the basis of skin color: light, medium, and dark. Placed in front of each child were two identical dolls: one doll was white and the other was colored."
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