From the Paper "This paper will discuss the impact of the railroads on the development of cities and towns in the western United States. During the last four decades of the nineteenth century, rapid development in the railroad industry facilitated the settlement and growth of America's western territories. In addition, the coming of the railroads sped up the process of development in the major urban centers of the West, such as Sacramento, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle, Phoenix, Albuquerque and Salt Lake City. In this regard, it has been noted that "the great railroads made large towns out of small ones, helped transform villages into cities, transported immigrant settlers, and moved products nationwide, into and from factories engaged in mass production, thereby creating the basis for a national economic market" (Weinstein & Gatell, 1981, p. 576)."
From the Paper "The inner city is a far more unpleasant and more dangerous place to live than it was just 20 years ago. Unfortunately, how-ever, except for the occasional attention given to such areas after a particularly vehement foray of rioting or violence, less and less attention has been given to those areas since about 1970. Public apathy, nevertheless, has never been much of an indicator of the seriousness of such problems, nor has it served as a satisfactory thermometer of the need for changes and improvements within the social stratum itself.
One severe and frequently occurring problem within the inner city environment is that of voluntary and involuntary uprooting of individuals and groups, primarily minorities, from one place of residence to another. When these individuals are uprooted, they often feel helpless in that they have little or no opportunity to (...)"
This paper discusses the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 24, 1989, a tanker accident in Alaskan waters.: Economic, political and environmental ramifications.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 13 sources, 1990, $ 47.95
From the Paper " On Good Friday, March 24, 1989, Valdez, Alaska was thrust into the world spotlight as the tanker Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef, spilling 10 million gallons of oil into the marine-life-rich waters of Prince William Sound.
The oil spill resulting when the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef was the worst in American maritime history. As the story unfolded, the public learned that the captain of the ship had apparently been drinking, that the third mate was in charge of the vessel at the time it struck the reef, and that safeguards which should have prevented such an accident existed, but were not operating the night of the accident ."
From the Paper "Overpopulation and world hunger have been discussed as interrelating factors since the 1950s, when concern about the exploding "baby boom," particularly in developing countries, was considered in light of the growing international trade market following World War II. The purpose of this paper will be to analyze this relationship today, the truths and myths surrounding it and how elements such as food supply, technology, birth rates and birth control figure into the equation.
The world's population in 1950 was about 2.5 billion; some time in the late 1980s it passed five billion. This increase in the last forty years equals the total population growth over the millions of years from when man first emerged as a species. Further, the population is increasing by 80 million a year and it is expected that by the year 2025 the ... "
This paper examines the public environmental policy issues raised by the production or transportation and inevitable spillage of petroleum in American waters: Oil spills, private and government responses, polution, transportation problems, global oil sup
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 15 sources, 1990, $ 135.95
From the Paper "This is a study of the public environmental policy issues raised by the production or transportation (and inevitable spillage) of petroleum in American waters: How that policy has been formed, why it has too often failed, and what can be done about it.
On a clear, calm predawn morning on Good Friday of 1989, the supertanker Exxon Valdez got underway from the Alyeska oil pipeline terminal at Valdez, Alaska. Its immense tanks were filled to the top with crude petroleum oil pumped through the Alaska Pipeline from the arctic North Slope. In command on the bridge was the ship's third mate; the captain was below in his cabin, working on some of the immense amount of paperwork, the proper completion of which was the principal means, under normal conditions, by which the Exxon Corporation would judge his ... "
This paper discusses the differences between pure "free enterprise" and the "mixed economy" of the U.S. and examines government's economic role in three distinct areas: Pollution control, medical care and antitrust law.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, 1991, $ 63.95
From the Paper "In general, the U.S. economy is characterized by "free enterprise," in which market forces determine supply, demand, price, and other economic variables. However, the government also plays a role in the economy, particularly in the real of regulation and taxation, which varies from sector to sector. The extent of such government intervention depends on various factors, such as whether the public interest is adequately served by the workings of the free market. In medical care and housing, for example, the government tends to play a significant role because they are considered necessities in a modern industrial society, which should be available to all. On the other hand, ... "
This paper reviews the potentialities of solar energy as an alternative fuel and discusses the need for federal funding into research and development of the relevant technologies.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 8 sources, 1991, $ 79.95
From the Paper "U.S. energy policy is a matter of ongoing concern. Our society makes use of massive amounts of energy of various types, and the need for energy is growing. Energy policy is tied to a number of other policies, from the economic to foreign affairs. The costs of energy have an impact on every aspect of society, and energy policy relates to foreign affairs in that the dependence of America on foreign energy sources creates a situation whereby the nation can be held hostage to the whims of external powers. In such an atmosphere, more and more concern has been raised that the United States discover a source of renewable energy, something that will not be depleted as will fossil fuels, something that is cleaner and safer for the environment than are fossil fuels, and something that is still economically viable, producing sufficient energy at a cost ... "
This paper traces the legislative history of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act: Presidental-Congressionan battles, interest groups, committee system, economics and environment.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 14 sources, 1991, $ 79.95
From the Paper "This paper will trace the legislative history of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act. On June 12, 1989, President Bush introduced his proposal for a new clean air package.1 This package was designed to update the Clean Air Act which was passed in 1970. The last amendments to this act had been instituted in 1977. Despite the Clean Air Act and its amendments, it was apparent in the late 1980s that air pollution was still a serious problem in the United States. In particular, it was noted that "most urban areas still violate air-quality standards for ozone, which is caused largely by pollutants from industrial facilities, chemical plants and motor vehicles, and carbon monoxide, which comes primarily from automobiles."2 In addition, acid rain had become increasingly widespread in the northeastern part of the country. Efforts at legislative action to address these issues ... "
From the Paper "Freon is the commonly known trade name used by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company to refer to a certain class of chemical compounds known as "refrigerants." Refrigerants are synthetic compounds called chlorofluorocarbons that are used to perform a variety of basic jobs. Chlorofluorocarbons generally are considered very stable, safe compounds; they are colorless, odorless, nontoxic, noncorrosive, and nonflammable. They vaporize at 300 degrees. Unfortunately, however, although they are considered nonreactive (or inert), they are believed to undergo destructive reactions when they reach the upper atmosphere that damage the ozone layer.
To make Freons, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or chloroform (CHCl3) is combined with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and a suitable catalyst. The Freon results when a chlorine or a ... "
From the Paper "The Persian Gulf War has bad a dramatic effect on the lives, economies, and politics of millions of people around the world. The weaponry used was of a magnitude unlike anything before. In addition, there were continued threats of chemical and gas warfare that never came to pass. However, the threat of environmental warfare did come to fruition and the world is still unsure what will be the final results.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the affect the Gulf War has had on the environment and how it has added to global pollution. Topics included in the research will be the oil spill in the Gulf, the burning of oil wells in Kuwait, and the ground mines. Further, the long range effects of the pollution will be analyzed and a description of what is being done to counteract these environmental disasters will be provided."
This paper discusses the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Events surrounding the 1989 Alaska catastrophe, environmental damage, clean-up, costs, causes, ethics and public relations.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, 1991, $ 119.95
From the Paper "On a calm, clear spring night in 1989, in Alaska's Prince William Sound, the bridge crew of the supertanker Exxon Valdez felt a strong thump, followed by a prolonged shuddering and loss of steerage way. Their ship had gone aground--not violently, not in a way that immediately endangered the ship itself, but enough to rip open the underside of the tanker's single hull, spilling hundreds of thousands of barrels of oil into the sea.
Within hours, emergency response measures were underway to recover the spilled oil and (above all) to prevent it from spreading out to befoul adjacent shorelines. These measures, however, were too little and too late. By the next day, the Exxon Valdez would be in the world's headlines, the lead story in network newscasts.
By the next week, the circumstances of the accident would be ... "
This paper examines the airport noise abatement issue: 1990 laws restricting airplane, anti-noise groups, Federal Aviation Agency, airlines and environmental health issues.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, 1991, $ 63.95
From the Paper "This research examines the airport noise abatement issue. Legislation approved by Congress in November 1990 requires a phaseout of noisy, older airplanes by 2000. In the intervening time period, progressively more strict noise level restrictions will become effective on a step.by.step basis. This research explains the current federal law on airport noise abatement, and considers the issue with respect to contentious points.
FEDERAL NOISE ABATEMENT LAW
The federal government defines serious noise levels associated with aircraft as those situations where the annual average exceeds 65 decibels. That noise level is somewhat louder than normal conversation (which is 60 decibels), and much quieter than the average household vacuum ... "
This paper discusses the Environmental Protection Agency: Political, economic and environmental issues of making EPA a cabinet-level department. Background, 1988 election, Bush 1 policy.
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 11 sources, 1991, $ 79.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine the process and results of the effort currently under way to elevate the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to a cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the United States government. The plan of the research will be to set forth the key issues that have been raised around the discussion of cabinet-level status for the EPA, and then to discuss the issues in a way that will help clarify their political implications.
One theoretical view of the issue is that creating a Department of the Environment and a Secretary of the Environment would have the effect of providing executive-branch sanction for management and direction of national environmental policy. In 1990, a veteran of environmental issues who had once been an administrator at EPA framed the key reasons in favor of .... "
From the Paper "Although efforts have been made to find alternative fuel sources, at this time the United States continues to be dependent upon oil for the majority of its energy needs. Unfortunately, the nation does not produce enough oil domestically to meet this need. Therefore, the U.S. must import foreign oil from unstable regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf. Studies indicate that the United States imports half of the 6 billion barrels that it needs each year, at an annual rate of approximately $42 billion. It has been noted that as much as 50 percent of the nation's current trade deficit is due to this large-scale importation of oil. Because of this situation, it has been argued that the United States should make a greater effort to exploit domestic oil resources. Although there are many onshore sites for oil, the ... "
This paper argues that in the case of off-shore drilling the oil producers, environmentalists and governments need to work together for the good of all: Costs, research, technology, dangers and benefits.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, 1991, $ 71.95
From the Paper "Offshore drilling is a key method for extracting crude oil and gas from the earth. Oil is a key resource in today's world economy: more than 56 million barrels (33 gallons) per day were extracted in February 1988. Industrialized nations as well as developing nations depend on the income from oil to finance their economic growth, and industries throughout the world depend on oil for energy. This research examines the economic costs and benefits associated with using offshore drilling techniques for extracting oil. Included is a discussion of oil leases, oil rigs, technology associated with offshore platforms, environmental concerns, and recommendations to improve the relationship between oil companies and environmental concerns.
Offshore oil was first produced from a pier located in state ... "
