Abstract Technical discussion of application of micro miniaturization known as surface machining. Uniqueness of the processing technology. Fabricator capabilities. Growth into a separate industry sector. Current market for micrto machining. Benefits of micro mechanical components. Typical micro mechanical sensor. Advantage of shrinking everything down to a small scale. Disadvantages.
From the Paper "Background
Advances in micro miniaturization conceived in the electronics industry, have been applied to shrinking the size of components necessary to implement pressure transducers. The status of ongoing research specifically oriented to fabrication, performance, and application of micro sensors was first described from the viewpoint of their use for heat transfer and fluid flow measurements (Udell, 1990).
The application of this technology to other domains outside of the electronics industry has become known as "surface machining," and has emerged during the last thirty (30) years as a viable technology (Halbo). At first the technology was considered to be spin-offs from related microelectronics/integrated circuit technology. Some of the first usage of the ..."
Abstract The 1995 Porsche 911 (Type 993) is discussed in this paper. Firstly, a full examination of its form (materials, shapes, patterns, scale, color) and its function are explained. The paper then provides a brief look at background information that addresses the design principles from the stylistic period in which it originates. Thereafter the paper traces the historical influences within the automotive field that help shape the 1995 Porsche 911 (Type 993). The paper looks at other influences on the design of the 1995 Porsche 911 (Type 993) from the design of planes and submarines from the same time period. Finally, the paper presents a personal critique on the design including how its form functions. The paper includes pictures.
From the Paper "The 911 is the signature and most recognizable Porsche ever to be designed. It has been on the market for over 30 years, has encompassed over 50 different models and it is still counting . The 911, initially called the 901 but soon after changed because Peugeot had patented all 3 digit combinations with zero in the middle , was originally designed in 1963 to replace the first Porsche ever designed, the 356. The 1948 356 Roadster will be used, along with the 1963 Porsche 911, to conduct a diachronic analysis on the design influences present on the 1995 911 Porsche (Type 993). The Type 993 was very consistent in its production between 1993 and 1996 with only minor adjustments to some components, therefore the 1995 edition of the Porsche 911 (Type 993) was chosen for the design project examination. The synchronic analysis will focus on relating how both the overall line and components of the Type 993 911 relate to aerodynamic/hydrodynamic design of planes and submarines. As for the components that will be analyzed, they will include the integrated headlamps compared to train engines and the rear-spoiler to the tail fin of fish."
Abstract This paper reviews the life and work of Lewis Howard Latimer, the son of a runaway slave born in Boston in 1848 from his beginnings as a draftsman to his first invention?water closets for railroad cars, to his expertise in inventing, installations, drafting and patenting. It also looks at how his invention of a better method of producing carbon filaments ultimately transformed the future of incandescent lamps.
Outline
Dates of Life and Work
Education Experience in Social Context
Area of Expertise
Contribution to the Field of Science and Society
Historical Significance of his Work
From the Paper "While working at Crosby and Gould, Latimer began his career as an inventor. In 1873, he was granted a patent for his first invention?water closets for railroad cars (Klein, 1971, pp. 99-100). His belief that electricity would play a significant role in the future led him to join Hiram Maxim's United States Electric Lighting Company (Klein, 1971, p. 100). At U.S. Electric, Latimer succeeded in increasing the life of the carbon filament of the early light bulbs. In 1881, Latimer and J.V. Nichols, another Maxim employee, claimed the patent for making improvements in incandescent electric lamps (Klein, 1971, p. 101). In the following year, Latimer invented a globe support for the electric arc lamps (Klein, 1971, p. 101)."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into brass, a useful alloy of two metals, copper and zinc which has been used for cultural uses and ornamentation since the 13th century BC. It examines how the porosity, or the ratio of the volume of interstices of a material to the volume of its mass, can be reduced in order for brasses of all compositions to be worked or hardened to form wires, fittings or ornaments with the most utilitarian strength, elasticity or ductility features.
Outline
Introduction
Brass
A Thousand Years of Brass-Making
Phase Diagram for All Brasses
Density of Brass Varieties
Porosity in Brass
Metal Porosity--in its Place
Manufacturing Methods to Reduce Porosity
Post-Manufacturing Methods that May Reduce Porosity
Unavoidable Internal Change Mechanisms Possibly Affecting Porosity
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "As with many metals and alloys, brass is often worked after its formation, not merely for shaping into the desired form, but also to alter for improvement one or more of its physical properties: Strength or hardness, ductility or elasticity, as examples. The methods are generally lumped as a number of "hardening" types, although their purposes rarely include the reduction of porosity, per se. Some are carried out at room temperature (called "cold work"); others are performed at a variety of elevated temperatures, each having its own intended effect (called "hot working")(14:7-9)."
Abstract This paper states that interconnects and isolation has been, is and will continue to be the key factors that limit the performance and costs of integrated circuits. The author points out that as technology is scaled below a quarter micron, the problems associated with interconnect are ever more pressing and could potentially become the roadblock to progress. This paper concludes that technology is changing the physical size of circuitry, allowing an 11 Million transistors on an 80 mmz die, but this is only a short respite before other technologies allow more and more processing to be done in smaller spaces with less.
Table of Contents
Overview
The Need for Device Isolation Defined
The Evolution in Manufacturing and Deposition Technology
The Evolution in Materials Choice for Device Isolation
A Critical Review of Literature from 1997 through mid-1999
Conclusion
From the Paper "Essential to chip fabrication is a process called lithography, which resembles the printing of a photograph by shining light through a negative onto a photosensitive surface. To produce features less than 0.1 mm wide, semiconductor companies face the task of developing methods that involve light or other electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths much shorter than those commonly used today. The shorter the wavelength, the finer the line can be sharply drawn."
Abstract This paper takes three different forms of transport, the aXcess car, the Millennium Train and the PRST-4 Mountain Bike and analyzes how they work together with comprehensive pictures and diagrams. For each method of transformation it gives an overview and looks at the workings of the wheels, frame, body and brakes. It then proceeds to compare and contrast the differences between the wheels, frame, body and brakes in the different modes of transport. It concludes with a look at the process of forming for bike and car tires.
From the Paper "The forming of a polyurethane micro cellular bike tyre (such as Urethon's tyres which are puncture proof and can be recycled) begins by metering a specially formulated liquid consisting of polyurethane, polyol and, isocyanate components in a high pressure-metering cylinder type polyurethane dispensing machine. The liquid then passes through an impingement chamber into a mould (a polyurethane elastomer, manufactured by casting a specially formulated polyurethane into different tyre sized aluminium moulds), which is designed to have different tread rings fitted, with nylon cord for reinforcement of the tyre pre fitted (the cord stops the tyre slipping from the wheel rim). The mould is then clamped to a centrifugal casting machine, which spins the moulds at between 200-400rpm."
Tags: millenium, train, mountain, bike, aXcess, car
Abstract Railroads were first constructed in southern Brazil to serve primarily as growing coffee production industry in S?o Paulo state. Railroad growth in the region, however, facilitated the growth and development of other economic activities such as communication and agriculture. In its early stages of development, Brazil's socioeconomic activities were separated. According to the paper, railroads developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil. The paper argues that the railroad aided in the integration of the economies of the states in southern Brazil.
From the Paper "According to Poppino, because of the economic ascendance of Southern Brazil from the late-nineteenth century through 1920, which was facilitated by railroad development, "the locus of political power shifted permanently to the South, where S?o Paulo became the economic heart of the country, and a new class of industrialists, drawn from immigrants and the land holding elite, competed with plantation owners for prestige and political influence. Railroads, thus, developed in response to the needs of an agrarian economy but served also to support the development of industry in Southern Brazil."
Abstract This paper looks at the world's oldest subway in London and how it followed the development of the above-ground railway system in England and then went underground for a rapid transit system for the city long before the term "rapid transit" had been devised. It outlines the continuous growth and expansion of the network from the first underground railway which opened by the Metropolitan Railway Company on 10th January 1863.
From the Paper "The act of tunneling under the Thames required a different engineering approach from the cut-and-cover method. Building this part of the system involved deep-level excavation at the foot of vertical shafts and was similar to coal mining. Since much of London is built on clay, and since clay is easy to excavate and tunnel through, work was completely relatively soon on the next significant step in the development of London's Underground railways--the twin-tunnel City and South London Railway, which ran for 5.2 km (3.25 miles) from King William Street in the City under the River Thames to Stockwell. This was intended to be a cable-hauled railway, but when it opened in 1890, it was the world's first deep-level electric railway. This and similar lines built since have since always been known as tube railways. The Waterloo & City Railway was also constructed under the Thames River and was opened in 1898. Two years later, the Central London Railway opened."
Abstract This paper examines how Tang Engineering, Inc. has been offered a potentially profitably contract with a major automobile manufacturer involving the production of a new engine component for Toyda Motor Company. It looks at how Tang Engineering has already conducted an experiment involving the manufacture of prototypes of the engine component that would be produced under the contract and attempts to determine the feasibility of the production of the engine component by the company within the mean unit production time constraint.
From the Paper "The key determining factors in the ability of the company to manufacture the engine component within the constraint of a mean unit production time of < 1.5 minutes are lathe speed and drill speed. Tang Engineering experimented with three different lathe speed setting and three different drill speed settings. The matching of lathe speed settings and drill speed settings in the production experiment resulted in five different manufacturing process states, as follows: State 1 (lathe speed setting 1 and drill speed setting 1); State 2 (lathe speed setting 1 and drill speed setting 3); State 3 (lathe speed setting 2 and drill speed setting 2); State 4 (lathe speed setting 3 and drill speed setting 1; and State 5 (lathe speed setting 3 and drill speed setting 3).
Production data were collected in relation to each of the experimental production process states. The data collected were (1) the number of engine components produced in a batch run and (2) the overall time required for the completion of each batch run. These data were analyzed to assess the feasibility of Tang Engineering's ability to manufacture the engine components within the constraint of a mean unit production time of < 1.5 minutes."
Tags: manufacture, contract, athe, speed, process, states
Abstract When considering the variables that influence the outcome of a major construction project, it is important to recognize that a project is nothing more or nothing less than a one-time job that has definite starting and ending points, clearly defined objectives, scope and a budget. In order to determine what distinguishes a successful major construction project from one which fails, two projects are compared in this paper. The first is the Golden Gate Bridge, completed in 1937, under conditions which would try the patience and test the competencies of its designers, builders, and sponsors. The second construction project is the Eurotunnel, also known as the Chunnel, the underwater tunnel linking England and France. Completed in the early 1990s, the Chunnel stands as an excellent example of a major construction project which was ultimately successful in the sense of structural integrity and to an extent, customer satisfaction, but a miserable failure in terms of scheduling and massive budgetary or cost overruns.
From the Paper "In 1989, Andrew Phillips (1989) reported on major problems which were seriously disrupting the completion of the project. Initially, the engineers and managers faced technical obstacles that delayed start-up and construction of the project. Though these obstacles were overcome, soaring costs had added approximately $1.9 billion to the cost of the tunnel itself. To make matters worse, Phillips (1989) maintains that the estimated costs of a planned high-speed rail link between London and the Chunnel's English terminal near Folkestone, more than doubled. In 1987, the company building the tunnel put the total cost of the project at $9.1 billion - this was raised to $10.2 billion in 1988, and in 1989, analysts predicted that the cost of the Chunnel would ultimately reach $11 billion."
Abstract A transistor is a device used for controlling one electrical signal with another. The name "transistor" came from combining the words "transfer" and "resistor" and the name tells how the device works. This paper describes one type of transistor called a Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MESFET), which is made by building layers on top of each other and doping the semiconductor material to a profile. The paper includes diagrams and figures.
From the Paper "While MESFET integrated circuits have become accepted in many high frequency applications, they have certain limitations. For power amplifiers used in digital systems it is important to have a linear signal - one that is not distorted or altered when amplified (RF Micro Devices, 2000). GaAs MESFET devices cannot meet the high linearity performance standards without sacrificing other performance standards. Also, GaAs MESFET amplifiers usually require both a positive and a negative power supply, which requires the inclusion of additional components or circuitry, which means an increase in the size and complexity of the device. Also, the linear structure of GaAs MESFET devices hinders the ability to shrink the device and so enhance manufacturing yields and reduce costs."
An examination of the technology, which shrinks the size of components necessary to implement pressure transducers, and how it can be applied to other domains.
Abstract This paper defines the technology of micro miniaturization which was conceived in the electronics industry. It discusses the status of ongoing research specifically oriented to fabrication, performance, and application of micro sensors and their use for heat transfer and fluid flow measurements. It looks at how the application of this technology to other domains outside of the electronics industry has become known as ?surface machining,? and has emerged during the last thirty (30) years as a viable technology.
From the Paper "Fabrication capabilities have continued to grow over the last twenty years and have produced a large number of actuator assembly combinations that include miniature motors, tweezers, accelerometers, and pressure sensors. It is now feasible to consider using micro machining technology to fabricate chemical instruments and even miniature chemical laboratories (Ramsey, 1997). Surface machined pressure sensors (Lin, 1998), have been designed, optimized and fabricated. Polysilicon diaphragms with thicknesses in the range of two micro microns, have been manufactured by utilizing Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (LPCVD)and as such form the core components in micro pressure transducers. The diaphragms so generated stand atop micro vacuum cavities that are constructed by a specially designed, vacuum sealant process. Thus pressure changes cause a deflection of the diaphragm, the magnitudes of which are detected by using built-in piece resistive elements that are positioned on the surface of the diaphragms. Both square and circular-shaped sensors with nominal diameters in the range of 100 microns have been fabricated and tested. Optimized designs that include position orientation and length of the piece resistive elements have been analyzed. The attendant fabrication process is completely compatible with integrated circuit processing techniques in use today. Consequently, using stable technology, today, microelectronic structures can be fully integrated with micro sensors to create micro scale mechatronics systems."
Tags: electronics, micro, sensor, fabrication, heat, transfer
This paper discusses that the consideration of the social responsibilities of engineers involves the concept of introducing normative values into the generally positivist practice of engineering.
Abstract This paper explains that the introduction of normative values into the practice of engineering requires the application of systems of ethics and ethical principles to the process of engineering practice and engineering management. The author believes that ethical principles create a framework that permits the anticipation of conflict in relation to proposed actions or decisions in a variety of situations. The author says that utilitarianism and deontology tend to command the greatest level of attention in ethical considerations involving the business and the economy.
From the Paper "Autonomy requires that an engineer be independent in action and decision-making and accept responsibility for her or his actions and the consequences of those actions. Autonomy, however, may also be interpreted to mean that others also have the right of self-determination concerning actions that affect their lives. The ethical principle of autonomy is especially applicable to those cases where the autonomous rights conflict with one another."
Abstract This paper provides an insight into aerospace engineering, the flight of vehicles in space, beyond the earth's atmosphere which includes the study and development of rocket engines, artificial satellites and spacecraft. It examines the plethora of purposes that it serves with earthbound vehicles and household supplies and discusses the various tasks that an aerospace engineer team performs. It looks at the future of aerospace engineering including education, new products and challenges to the aerospace engineering program in the United States.
Outline
Introduction
Definition of Aerospace Engineering
Plethora of Purposes
Earthbound Vehicles
Household Products
Tasks that an Aerospace Engineer Performs
The Engineer
The Scientist
The Technician
The Future of Aerospace Engineering
Education
New Products
Challenges to Aerospace Engineering
Conclusion
From the Paper "The engineer can serve of to twelve different purposes. For this discussion we will only focus on four of these purposes including; analytical, computational fluid dynamics, design, and systems software. Analytical engineering involves the combination of math and rudimentary engineering practices. The computational fluid dynamics engineering implements the use of high speed computers to solve complex nonlinear equations which govern fluid motion. ("Education") Design engineering determines the arrangement, function and structure of a component or the entire design of a vehicle. ("Education") Finally, systems software engineering involves performing the proper analysis of the system."
Tags: artificial, satellites, rocket, engines, space
Abstract This paper discusses robotics, a technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of robots that are used in numerous applications. It looks at how these applications range from industries that require accurate and repetitive tasks (such as the car and computer manufacturing industries), dangerous tasks such as diffusing of bombs and other chores that cannot be performed by humans, e.g., carrying out research on far-away planets, or walking inside live volcanoes. It provides a description of what robots are and how they work, the history of robotics, the present applications of robots, the impact of robots in our lives and their limitations as well as the future of robots. It also discusses how close we are in the development of a "bionic" man.
Outline
Robotics and Robots Defined
Origins of the Word "Robot" and "Robotics"
History of Robotics
How Robots Work?
Applications of Robots
The Future of Robotics
Conclusion
From the Paper "Although robots as we know them today are a relatively recent invention, the idea of automated machine or a mechanical man has fascinated the human mind since the ancient times. For example, the ancient Greek poet Homer in his writings described maidens of gold, who are supposed to be mechanical helpers built by Hephaistos, the Greek god of metalsmiths. Similarly, in ancient Jewish legend, robot-like servants made of clay are brought to life by a spoken charm. (Tesler) In more recent times, Leonardo da Vinci, the "Renaissance man" drew plans for a mechanical man. Eighteenth century watchmakers were also famous for making mechanical, robot-like creatures. (Bekey)"
