This paper presents Virginia Avenel Henderson, a noted nurse and academic, who helped shape the nursing profession in the 20th century by writing a number of works and influencing the development of nursing standards.
Abstract This paper explains that Henderson, born in 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri, attended the Army School of Nursing in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1921 to become the first full-time nursing instructor in Virginia. The author points out that Henderson was instrumental in pushing for the inclusion of psychiatric nursing in educational programs in Virginia. The paper stresses that Henderson offered a developmental model of nursing in 1961 based on the assumption that the patient is always a person who requires help to achieve independence.
From the Paper "Henderson's life covered all of the major dates in the development of modern nursing as a practice; she contributed to the development of the profession and continues to do so as others follow in her footsteps. She encouraged research in nursing, and nursing research only began with Florence Nightingale at the end of the Nineteenth Century as she observed conditions during the Crimean War and noted significant evidence which led to reform. Early research was directed primarily at improving nursing education and nursing services, and this was because early leaders were usually responsible for both areas at a time when there were significant knowledge gaps. In the earliest period, medicine was still only semi scientific."
Abstract This paper examines how, in the United States, "bilingualism" is a term that goes far beyond the use of more than one language and how the bilingual child in the American classroom commonly summons forth the image of a child who speaks English poorly, has difficulty learning and keeping up with his peers in school, and needs remedial classes. It discusses how English as a second language (ESL) programs are essential for the bilingual and/or multilingual students and how the bilingual learner in the American classroom deserves the same opportunities as those provided to native English-speaking students. It shows how decade's researchers and educators alike have argued about the best ways to teach ESL, and although many have disagreed on the methods employed by most ESL programs, few can argue about the importance of such programs in the American educational system.
From the Paper "For the most part, studies conducted to date on classroom interaction and English as a second language learning (ESL) began their examinations into second and foreign language learning from this more traditional perspective. However, ?they cross disciplinary borders and draw on theoretical insights and empirical evidence found in areas outside of what has generally been considered the main purview of the ESL field. Their findings join our interests in reconceptualizing second and foreign language learning using a broader, sociocultural perspective of language and learning with practical concerns for nurturing classroom communities of successful second and foreign language learners.? "
Abstract This paper looks at the controversial topic of inclusion in the classroom. The paper looks at arguments that favor inclusion and hold that it is beneficial to students, as well as the arguments that oppose inclusion and contend that it is difficult to achieve and may be detrimental to some students.
From the Paper "There are several inclusion programs in the United States that have shown great promise. One such program, at a high school in Virginia, was highlighted in an article published in The Washington Times. The article explains the many benefits of the inclusive classroom. This inclusive class is a Dance through Cultures course at George Mason High School. "
Abstract This paper explains what critical thinking is and how vital it is, both within the workplace and in everyday life. The writer defines critical thinking as a rational way of thinking that attempts to understand and interpret information to find real meaning. The paper then shows how decision making is a large part of critical thinking and refers to the conclusion of the critical thinking.
From the Paper "It is interesting to note that while critical thinking must involve decision making, decision making does not have to involve critical thinking. For example, I can make any decision without thinking rationally about it. I can choose to leave my job and move to Rome without critically assessing whether this is an appropriate decision. I can choose to accept that Pepsi must be a great drink because Britney Spears drinks it and decide never to drink anything else. These are decisions but without being considered decisions, they are not critical thinking."
Abstract Discusses the purpose of a dual-language program, providing an historical overview since 19th century and examining the immigration backlash, English-only programs, the Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974, and the importance of bilingual or ESL (English As A Second Language).
From the Paper "English as a Second Language (ESL) or Bilingual Education has been a part of America's educational history since America's educational conception. Bilingual Education is defined as a dual-language program designated to provide equal ..."
Abstract Discusses the new roles of students and teachers, the need for students to play an active role in self-directed learning activities, the importance of time management, and the need for a teacher/facilitator to provide support and a positive environment.
From the Paper "With the increasing use of the Internet as a means of delivering education, the roles of teachers and students are being redefined in the online learning environment (Bates, 2000; Wade, 1994). In this setting, students play an active role in their ..."
Abstract Discusses the impact of issues on day-to-day work and six sources of the law relating to administration of school affairs. Cites controversial education topics, including sexual harassment, freedom of expression, and discrimination.
From the Paper "Legal issues confront secondary school principals every day and it is to court decisions that these administrators must turn to gain up-to-date information about legal liability issues impacting upon their ..."
Abstract Examines the demographic shift in the U.S. from a society dominated by whites rooted in Western culture to a global society with a variety of racial and ethnic minorities. Discusses the challenges of diversity to education.
From the Paper "Almost from its inception, the United States has been undergoing demographic transitions. Still, although it has always been a multicultural society composed of different cultures from numerous parts of the world, its peoples have always been joined as ..."
Abstract This paper examines the advantages and potential difficulties of using computers in the elementary, middle school, and high school classroom as an educational instrument.
From the Paper "However, education experts have found that children learn best when they are stimulated through participatory learning activities where their minds are constantly stimulated. Towards this, many companies have produced educational software designed to include the children in more participatory learning activities."
This paper discusses mentors, persons who provide support, encouragement, and a consistent way of challenging another person to successfully reach their potentials.
Abstract This paper explains that the one common objective of mentors is to help the other person succeed and do well in something that they would not normally do by themselves. The author points out that the way a mentor goes about supporting the mentoree is wholly at his or her discretion. The paper stresses that mentors always leave a special mark with their peers, which later helps them get through their own obstacles.
From the Paper "Mentors ultimately help shape the ideal person that one strives to become and are not limited to helping one overcome any obstacles they may face. In various occasions, mentors provide one with tasks to challenge the mind to widen its thought horizons and open the door to a new world of assessment. In the reading selection, "Look at Your Fish", Scudder was faced with the obstacle of looking at his fish and closely examining it. His teacher Agassiz gave him this task because he knew that it would be hard for Scudder to examine the fish entirely. He really had to see the fish in order to succeed Agassiz? test. Beyond the test is a very important lesson to learn. That is, learning through application is the best way to achieve full understanding of any concept."
Abstract This paper discusses how pedagogy and andragony are two theories/definitions that outline the tenets of child and adult learning. It looks at how they are based upon the belief that children and adults learn differently and how instructors should consider these differences in their teaching strategies. It discusses reasons why adults learn differently from children, and it also explores how assumptions about andragony can be the reason behind a student's participation in adult education.
From the Paper "Andragogy is a term that Malcolm Knowles made popular. Chris Lee (1998) stated that ?Knowles discovered that "andragogy" had been coined by a German teacher in 1833, was reintroduced by a German social scientist in the 1920"s, and then was more or less forgotten until 1957, when it was picked up by adult educators in Europe" (p. 35). Andragogy is the theory and practice of aiding adults in the learning process. This adult learning theory is self-directed by the student, and the teacher simply facilitates the learning process. There is a casual relationship between the student and instructor, and there is mutual consent regarding the specifics of learning activities and evaluations."
Abstract Though there is opposition to the need for college-educated police officers on the grounds that there is a wide gap between classroom theory and street reality, this paper argues that it is evident that education can bring many important benefits, such as a more positive image of the police as protectors of justice and peace. It claims that higher education will help provide improved relations with the communities served, problem solving skills using human relations and behavioral management techniques, and an organizational structure that will optimize available resources.
From the Paper "The police force in any country has a vital role to play in terms of achieving its intended mission of crime prevention, protection of life and property and apprehending violators of peace. The police force, therefore, are the upholders of justice and peace, and to that extent, it is they, more than anyone else who need to practice an underlying code of ethics that is true to the spirit of democracy: ??the mission "to protect and serve" is not so simple"require distinct and separate skills" ?artistry of police work lies in the ability to handle explosive situations without resorting to force.? (Delattre, 1989, p. 25-26) The practice of justice in police work does not only involve overt criminal acts but various types of community service including assisting the sick and injured or defusing domestic tension and violence. Now, the fact is, even if the police force have ingrained humane values and ethics, such situations require specialist and varying skills. Besides the necessary knowledge and skill base required to perform their duties, the police are increasingly under pressure to deliver a wide range of services using limited human and financial resources, which requires optimization through applying management principles and techniques. It is, for these reasons that the role of education in policing begins to assume importance."
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of two different types of functional communications systems designed to teach communication skills to students with autism. The two functional communication plans analyzed are the Picture Exchange Communications System (PECS) and Facilitated Communications.
From the Paper "One chief aspect of children with autism is tangential or delayed speech and language credentials (Charlop and Haymes, 1994). Attitudinal intrusions like discrete trial procedures (Lovaas, 1987), incidental teaching (Hart & Risley, 1980), delay procedures (Charlop, Schreibman, & Thibodeau, 1985; Halle, Marshall & Spradlin, 1979), and pivotal response training (Koegel, Koegel & Schreibman, 1991) have been applied to boost speech, but more than half of children with autism still stay devoid of speech (Charlop & Haymes 1994). Other intrusions have been enhanced to hold in a focal point viable communication plans for children who do not evolve speech."
Abstract This paper looks at how organized sports offer players an opportunity to meet a variety of students from different backgrounds and how students from public, private, and parochial schools are brought together in a common enterprise, crossing socioeconomic and ethnic lines, so that all players broaden their sense of how other people live. It hypothesizes that males who participate in collegiate athletics have a more positive attitude towards diversity than males who do not participate on collegiate athletic teams. It examines the validity of this statement in an effort to determine how collegiate sports contribute to players? attitudes toward diversity and how this knowledge can improve general notions about diversity. This research question is addressed through a literature review and a questionnaire that samples both male college athletes and non-athletes.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Statement of the Problem
Participation in College Athletics: An Open Door to Diversity
Potential of College Athletic Community's Model of Diversity
Methodology
Discussion
Bibliography
From the Paper "Attitudes toward diversity and the behavior patterns that accompany these attitudes are likely to affect a student's overall adjustment to a higher education facility since they deal with a student's ability to successfully adapt to new surroundings (Astin, 1982). For example, studies reveal that students who had positive interracial experiences had a tendency to feel more confident about their own achievements and had more positive feelings about the academic environment as a whole than students who did not have positive interracial experiences."
Abstract The paper uses history, the legal issues concerning bilingual education, the moral issues concerning bilingual education, effective bilingual programs, and examples of success to form an argument for the use of bilingual education.
From the Paper "The United States has always been a country where one could go to escape tyranny and persecution, and start a new, prosperous life. However this age old right of immigrants is in danger. Now the US is still very accepting of immigrants, but starting a prosperous life is in jeopardy because of cuts in the bilingual education programs. Although a legal and mandatory program, bilingual education has come under scrutiny and many programs have been cut, even in many states that have a substantial non-English speaking population. Bilingual Education is not a new idea; according to Dr. Perry Castelli, in their book Social Foundations of American Education (2000) there have been forms of the program ever since the 1800s ( 229). However, there was not an outcry for official bilingual education laws until the 1960s, mainly because immigrants were less concerned with education and more concerned with starting a new life (Castelli 2000). This has all changed in today's world. According to Judy Davis Smith in her article "The New Immigrant Students Need More than ESL" (2004) "between the years 1991 and 1999, the number of language minority school-aged children who are now living in the United States rose from 8 million to 15 million" (Davis 21). We cannot afford to have all of these children go through life without an education. According to The Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (1998), Bilingual Education also allows students of all backgrounds and education levels to learn English through four different types of programs: Two-Way bilingual education, Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual education, Early-exit Transitional Bilingual education, and ESL Pull-out programs. This certainly shows the level of dedication to the bilingual education programs and the willingness to educate all children. In the United States today there is a growing need for more bilingual education programs, but instead many programs have been cut and more non-English speaking students have been left to fend for themselves. This should not be the case. Instead we should expand our bilingual education programs, and instead of trying to get rid of them, try and fix them because the futures of many children's lives are at stake."
