Abstract Examines the learning disorder and language-impaired children. Describes dyslexia; its symptoms. Academic performance & learning problems of dyslexic children. Learning disorders causes by neurological abnormalities. Anatomical differerences in the brain of dyslexics. Effect on motor production skills. Possible role of genetics. Treatment of dyslexia; adaptive training exercises; special programs.
From the Paper "Dyslexia is a learning disorder in which children have difficulty recognizing and interpreting words (Ford-Martin, 1999). They are unable to recognize and decode the sounds and syllables, i.e. the phonetic structure, of written words and language, and this lowers their accuracy in reading. Many children with dyslexia are gifted and very productive: there is no link at all between dyslexia and low intelligence (Turkington (1999). A study by Curtiss, Katz and Tallal (1992) showed that in terms of language acquisition, language-impaired children were markedly similar to language-matched normal children. The National Institute of health estimates that about 15 percent of the U. S. population is affected by learning disabilities, and most of these have problems with language and reading.
The symptoms of dyslexia, like any learning disorder, are..."
Abstract Accountants and auditors prepare, analyze and verify financial reports crucial to all business and government organizations. Two of the major accounting specialties are public accounting and managerial accounting.
This paper discusses the differences between chartered public accountants (CPA) and chartered managerial accountants (CMA) including the clients they serve and the examinations they have to pass before becoming qualified. The paper also examines the differences in wage earnings and career opportunities.
From the Paper "The professional designation of Certified Management Accountant (CMA) is achieved through the CMA Professional Program, a demanding training process in emerging business practices, which fosters management and leadership abilities, interpersonal and communication skills. CMAs are employed at all corporate levels, mostly in middle, senior and executive management positions which include but are not limited to: Chief Financial Officers (CFO), Controllers, treasurer, director of internal audit, chief accountant or cost accountant, director of taxation, managers or supervisors. Other CMAs are employed as accountants, auditors, analysts and consultants, with careers for management accounting professionals in all sectors of business and industry. (Rosenberg, pp.55-69.)"
This paper discusses that the real heroes of the civil rights movement were the children and that desegregation in the schools is in danger of being overturned.
Abstract This paper reviews the classic school segregation cases: Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, the "Little Rock Nine" at Arkansas' Central High School and six-year old Ruby Bridges, the first black student to be admitted to the William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans, after the Supreme Court ruled to integrate the public schools. The author is concerned that today desegregation is facing serious problems: The proportion of blacks in black-majority schools is on the rise and desegregation orders have been lifted in many cities, resulting in the halting of court-supervised school integration.
From the Paper "Perhaps the best-known test of desegregation in practice was undertaken by the "Little Rock Nine" -- the nine black pupils who integrated Arkansas' Central High School for the first time in 1957. Greeted by a howling mob -- and the 101st Airborne sent in by President Dwight Eisenhower -- the students confronted a concentrated and vicious campaign to drive them from the school. They decided to stay, however, and, eventually prevailed, "leaving an indelible mark on the time and the times" ."
Abstract This paper begins by defining and explaining the problem of violence in high schools - ranging from petty bullying to gun battles leaving students dead. Some causes of the increase in violence are discussed such as violent TV shows, social pressure and the easy availability of guns. Social consequences of high school and gang violence is addressed and some solution are suggested. These suggestions include student tasks forces, workshops and a zero-tolerance attitude towards violent incidences by the school authorities.
From the Paper "The more publicly visible and horrifying acts of violence in American high schools, and junior high schools, this past year have just been the tip of the iceberg. Violence in American schools has increased dramatically - often associated with youth gang activity. In looking at some recent figures for the school year 1996-1997, there were 4,000 cases of rape and sexual assault reported. There were also over 11,000 cases of physical assault reported, including assaults with weapons. This seems to be correlated, to some extent, with an increase in youth gang violence which has more than doubled during the past two decades (Owens, 1999)."
Abstract This paper describes many different types of leadership styles, defining their characteristics and their positive aspects. The writer then looks at the ways in which these styles can fail when it comes to education. The bulk of the paper describes the eclectic, collaborative style and brings in sources to prove that this leadership ethic garners the best results when managing an educational system.
From the Paper "Leadership style has been shown to be a major factor in the effectiveness of an organization, and different leadership styles prove more effective in different situations. DuBrin, Ireland, and Williams (1989) note that effective organizational leaders are generally consistent in the way they try to influence the behavior of group members, with the consistent pattern of behavior being the leadership style of a given manager. The behavior of most managers is too complex to be described by a single style, and a manager may modify his or her style to match a given situation (DuBrin, Ireland, and Williams 330). Different models have been used to try to categorize leadership style. Among these are top down management, collaborative management style, goal oriented management style and management by objectives."
Abstract The following paper presents information and statistics encouraging the use of multicultural education in classrooms. The United States has always been very diverse, but its diversity is growing more and more with each passing year. The paper first presents the numbers and statistics associated with this growing diversity as compared to the numbers in the past. Secondly, the paper points out some documented cases promoting the benefits of using multicultural education in classrooms. And lastly it presents some ideas and recommendations, which can be used by educators to implement into their curricula.
From the Paper "The first example of cultural differentiation was perhaps one major basis for why the United States was formed. A group of people sailed away from the culture and religion they once knew, and ventured out to a new land, to seek the freedom they longed for. And now as our country grows more culturally diverse it is essential that students be taught to accommodate with our ever-changing cultural landscape. Today, with more than one-fourth of the U.S. population is enrolled in school; the student population is quite diverse. One-fourth of the population accounts for about 72 million people, which were in school throughout the United States in October 1999. Eight million were enrolled in nursery school and kindergarten, 33 million in elementary school, 16 million in high school, and 15 million in college. Among children enrolled in kindergarten, the majority were White non-Hispanics (60 percent), followed by Blacks (16 percent), and Hispanics (17 percent). Asians and Pacific Islanders accounted for 5 percent of children enrolled in kindergarten. (1) The numbers accounting for children enrolled in elementary school are the highest, which is why it is essential that multicultural education be introduced at a very young age. The Institute of International Education estimates that there are 450,000 international students in the United States, and most of these students come from Asian and Latin American countries. (2) The presence of multiculturalism in American education is indisputable, but it is still a minority movement. Many skeptics feel that by integrating diversity into the American education system, it would be impoverishing the "White European" cultural model, thus doing away with the classics of art and literature, and depriving the students of essential knowledge. However, others have argued for the benefits of multicultural education as an active approach to learning, which encourages the learner to create his or her own knowledge. (3) As teachers prepare for the many educational challenges of the next century, it is essential that they learn how to build bridges between students' home cultures and the cultures of their school environment. These bridges are essential for student academic success, and without them, a serious disservice is done to both students and the larger society in every day life that will ultimately benefit from the development of their special talents. (4) Therefore, because our society has become so diverse, more teachers should implement multicultural education into their classrooms."
Abstract An evaluation of two methods of teaching English to children-- 'phonic instruction' method and 'whole language' method. The author reviews many studies investigating the effectiveness of these methods and discusses incorporating both methods into a lesson plan. The conclusion is to gear one's methods towards each individual child's needs and preferences.
From the Paper "There have been many studies done on the effectiveness of phonetic instruction and those studies have been positive. The National Reading Panel conducted a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of phonetic instruction on reading and spelling. Overall, the impact of phonetic instruction on children had a large result of (.86) within this meta-analysis. Using phonetic instruction, reading and spelling improved moderately at (.53) and (.56) respectively (Ehri, Nunes, Willows, Schuster, Yaghoub-Zadeh, & Shanahan, 2001). However, there are some critics of phonics that find that the NRP study on phonetic instruction is flawed and does not prove that phonetic instruction is the way to teach. One critic claims that the NRP study choice of methodology, research, and subjects provided unreliable results (Garan, 2001)."
Abstract An examination of the pros and cons of parental involvement in the elementary school system, looking at how parents can help their children by becoming involved, while supporting the school and the community. The author shows how parental involvement is a controversial issue. Although findings show that parental involvement in the child's educational activities can be a positive and helpful experience, involvement can also be detrimental, and too personal or emotional involvement may actually hinder the educational process.
From the Paper "Parental involvement in the elementary school system is not a new idea. When fewer women worked outside the home, it was more common for mothers to spend time volunteering in their child's classroom, or help them with homework after school. Today, many educators and experts feel that parental involvement, especially in the elementary grades, can be beneficial for the children and the teachers, but too much of a good thing can also be detrimental to the classroom. Studies have also shown that parental involvement today is often based on the income level of the family, as lower income level parents are less likely to volunteer in the classroom, or become as involved in their child's education."
This paper discusses the belief that school vouchers are a means for the private schools to promote fundamentalist and discriminatory educational systems.
Abstract A critical examination of the school voucher system and how it is a means to reject equal opportunity in education systems. The writer shows how although school vouchers on their own are an important concept for school development, within the dimension of the present day education system, it is not feasible to implement it unless the whole education legislature changes.
From the Paper "State legislature provides that school vouchers are to support the poor students in private sector schooling. They have the freedom to choose the program that reflects their education future. However, in reality, school vouchers account for sectarian education which dominates private schooling. Poverty stricken students comprise of only 20 percent of the private schools. After the decision of Brown vs. Board of Education, school vouchers merely became a means for white students to choose a different schooling system for themselves. Hence, school vouchers use to eradicate discrimination proved unsuccessful [Molnar, 1996]."
Discusses how communication breaks down between leadership roles in the educational system and how this problem ultimately affects the school's performance.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 53.95
Abstract Communication problem in the school system is as common as in other work places. It arises out of leadership roles of superintendents and teachers. Poor communication between teachers and support staff results in poor school performance. Group dynamics and racial prejudice in a multi-ethnic setting further contributes to this problem.
Abstract During the past two decades, Howard Gardner's work in developmental and educational psychology has offered teachers and educational psychologists the means of education, but, until recently, he has not made explicit his theory of the purpose of education (the ends of education). His description of the means of education has been based on his research establishing the seven, eight, or nine intelligences. His work in the 1980s and early 1990s demonstrated that nearly all humans, regardless of culture, have seven basic intelligences (linguistic, logical/mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, musical, and bodily-kinesthetic). Since that time, he has added an eighth intelligence, the naturalistic and he is toying with the idea that there might be a ninth, the existential.
Abstract Hypothesis testing is an extremely crucial aspect of the scientific process, for without being able to prove a hypothesis a given theory can be considered an inaccurate hypothesis, or a failure. Therefore, the need to demonstrate the accuracy of a given hypothesis is crucial to proving the accuracy of the theory itself. This paper explains how this type of testing is applied to child development.
Abstract Describes Hirschi's "Theory of Social Control", including its problems and implications. Also includes a personal opinion of why this particular theory was chosen.
From the Paper "In the study of criminology, there are various ideas or theories about why some individuals commit crimes while others do not. There are theorists who choose to approach criminal behavior by questioning why some people deviate from the social norms and commit crimes. On the other hand, there are those criminologists who want to know what causes certain individuals not to stray from the straight and the narrow path of conformity. Those criminologists who question what causes people to say no to temptation are referred to as social control theorists. Social control theory explores the factors which cause obedience in the behavior of most human beings. Although a few theorists have delved into the social control theory, Travis Hirschi is one who explained it most thoroughly."
Abstract This paper explains that the lottery was to be used only for supplementary funding of education. The author points out that, unfortunately, Florida is using the lottery for basic funding; and, particularly in Florida, the lottery income is very meager and insufficient. The paper concludes that, nonetheless, when used as supplementary funding, lottery funding plays an important role in meeting the educational demands of the students.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Lottery Funding
Florida Lottery Funding
Scholarships
Florida School Recognition Programs
School Capital Outlay Bond Program
Impact of Lottery Funding
Political Factors
Uncertainty in the Lottery Revenue
Conclusion
From the Paper "The reason for this aberration is the drastic cut down of the education funds by the government in total breach of the 1987 "Florida Public Education Lottery Act", which states that lottery revenue is only an additional source of money and that it must not affect the regular allocation on the part of the government. So instead of proving to be a boon for the students the lottery funding is now proving to be baneful solution."
Tags: supplementary, allocation, scholarship, recognition, income
Abstract This report examines the place that Piaget's theories should have in the modern classroom, particularly during the stage of middle childhood, the potential practical applications of his work at this educational stage, and the potential educational pitfalls of ignoring his groundbreaking ideas during this time.
From the Paper "Piaget's theories have two major components: the process of "coming to know" and the stages that humans pass through in order to acquire this ability (Huitt & Hummel, 1998, para. 3). Because of his initial training as a biologist, Piaget continually related his psychological theories back to biological bases. Indeed, he stated in an interview in 1969 that "I am convinced that there is no sort of boundary between the living and the mental or between the biological and the psychological. From the moment an organism takes account of a previous experience and adapts to a new situation, that very much resembles psychology" (Pyche, 2). His theories about the process of learning clearly reflect this bias. Thus, intelligence is reflected through adaptation to the environment and is controlled through mental processes called schemas. Schemas can be either congenital, such as reflexes, or constructed. Through schemas, a person builds a mental representation of the world, and uses them to assimilate with or accommodate to the environment around them (Huitt & Hummel, 1998, para. 5-8)."
