Abstract This paper reviews the roles, activities and impact of the WTO. The paper includes case studies involving China vs. India, the U.S. vs. the E.U. etc.
From the Paper "The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that creates and enforces rules for ensuring free and smooth trade between the countries of the world. With a mojority of world's countries as members (143 as on November 11, 2001), WTO's role assumes great significance, particularly since today's world is disunited over the exact interpretation of globalization of international trade and the means of achieving it. In this paper, we will probe the role of WTO in the process of globalization and how it's activities affect the lives of people in different parts of the world. In this process we will analyze it's contribution to the economic, political, social and cultural systems of the world."
This paper analyzes the concept of "change", theories behind it, why it is necessary and how organizations need to cope with change in order to survive.
1,750 words (approx. 7 pages), 13 sources, 2001, $ 56.95
Abstract This paper analyses the concept of "change", theories behind it, why it is necessary and how organizations need to cope with change in order to survive.
From the paper:
"Change requires change. Organizations today are making abundant changes internally to cope with a highly turbulent external environment. With frequent reorganizing, downsizing, rightsizing, delayering, flattening the pyramid, teaming and outsourcing taking place, careers and career opportunities are in pandemonium resulting from the progressive destabilization of relationships between people and organizations."
Abstract This paper traces the history of human resource management leading to the modern day. It examines the difficulties and challenges which are faced in this profession as well as the conveniences which are experienced due to breakthroughs in technology.
From the paper:
"In today's ever-changing business world Human Resource management is an integral part of a companies success or failure. Human Resources departments ?balance the demands of several different roles: business partner, internal consultant, operational and administrative expert and both employee and employer advocate.? (Brown, 1998, para 8)
"The modern ideas of HR management have their roots in early 20th century theorem and New Age innovation. The managing of people, as a resource vs. just personnel is an improvement pioneered in the latter half of the past century. Differing schools of thought exist on the best way to achieve HR enlightenment. Some value structures while others take a more free form approach. Whatever the dogma, the ultimate desired end result is a competitive advantage over the competition and staying power in a volatile business environment."
Abstract This paper takes a brief look at the book "The Great Crash: 1929" written by economist John Kenneth Galbraith. It explains how the American population was so shaken by the crash because their expectations of the economy had been so high and the shock was great.
From the Paper "John Kenneth Galbraith's book The Great Crash: 1929 claims that the depression of 1929 was a direct result of the miscalculations of the financial analysts and the other brokers which caused the crash of the stocks. He states that these actors of the economic field had a direct involvement in the stock market and had become too greedy to actually see what was happening to the market around them---too greedy to actually fear the recuperation's of what was easily predictable as the downfall."
Abstract The paper addresses poverty as an issue which transcends all social, cultural, political and religious subjects. The author of the paper shows that poverty is not only a developing country problem, as can be seen by the number of impoverished in the United States. Poverty as a concept is defined, with a study into what is considered absolute poverty. The effect of poverty on economics and society in terms of politics, education and health are examined. The author of the paper concludes with recommendations for effectively addressing poverty, including teaching self-sufficiency and eliminating the negative factors which contribute to poverty.
From the Paper "Women bear a disproportionate burden of poverty and children growing up in poverty are often permanently disadvantaged. Older people, people with disabilities, indigenous people, refugees and internally displaced persons are also particularly vulnerable to poverty. Furthermore, poverty in its various forms represents a barrier to communication and access to services, as well as a major health risk, and people living in poverty are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of disasters and conflicts. Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information."
Abstract The following paper offers an overview of the impacts of globalization on developing countries, the arguments made against globalization, as well as corresponding rebuttals. Also identified are methods by which countries can reap the rewards of this process, while remaining realistic about its potential and its risks.
From the Paper "Globalization offers extensive opportunities for worldwide development, but this process is not progressing evenly. The richest 225 people in the world have a combined wealth equal to the annual income of the poorest 47% of the world's individuals. (Crafts 2) Countries that have been able to integrate with other nations are seeing faster growth and reduced poverty. However, many nations have not been so fortunate, especially in developing areas. One in four individuals across the world lives in abject poverty, without access to adequate food, clean water, sanitation, essential healthcare or basic education services. This is both the principal moral issue facing the world as well as the utmost menace to the future security and stability of the planet. Many of today's problems, such as war and conflict, mass migration, and environmental degradation are rooted in poverty and inequality."
Abstract The following paper examines how and why the United States has a considerable amount at stake as the Euro takes its place in the world financial system despite the substantial benefits of the dollar's leadership status
From the Paper "For quite some time, Europe has been in need of a uniform currency to simplify transactions both inside and outside the continent. As of January 1, 1999, this goal was finally realized when "the Euro" was declared the official currency for Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, and Finland. One year later, Greece also adopted the Euro as its official currency. From this time on, the old exchange rates between the participating currencies were replaced by fixed conversion rates. The European Central Bank (ECB) became responsible for all monetary and currency policy decisions within the community (Issing, et. al., 2001)."
Abstract This paper explores the issues and history of corporate taxation. Corporations are taxed at a rate depending on their income. This paper discusses the pros and cons of dropping the corporate tax, the methods which can be used to drop or lower corporate taxes and why. The paper includes charts and statistics concerning corporate taxes.
Table of Contents
I. The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
II. The 1986 Tax Reform Act
III. How Does Taxes Affect Business
IV. Corporate Tax Rates
V. Decline of the Corporate Income Tax
VI. Why the Wide Range Between State and Corporate Taxes
VII. How Does Corporate Tax Work with Multi-state Manufacturers?
VIII. Does the Corporate Tax Help
IX. Proposals of Corporate Income Tax
X. Need of Stimulus
XI. Future Research Concerning Corporate Taxes
XII. Conclusions
XIII. Works Cited
From the Paper "Where did the corporate income tax begin? How does it affect our economy? What is the future of the corporate income tax? Will deleting corporate income tax be the answer for the economy? What about cutting part of this tax? How does the corporate income tax help the economy? These are questions that will be answered in this paper as well as how the corporate tax is affecting our economy now.
The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
"How the corporate tax began is an example of why tax systems can be worse than they should be and how little influence the economic profession has on government policy (Norton 2). Sometimes ideals look great when they are not that sound. Corporate taxes were used during wartime until 1909, when Congress enacted a 1 percent tax on corporation income. The rate increased until 1932 to 12.5 percent when the rate was changed to the progressive rates. Norton stated, ?Surtaxes on corporate income were added for "excess profits" during both world wars. The highest peacetime rate, 52.8 percent, was reached in the sixties? (2). "
Abstract This paper outlines the slowdown in the American economy. It discusses, among other issues, the average American consumer's reaction to the increased threat of terror and lowered job stability. This paper raises the issue of the oil crisis and its implications on the American public.
From the Paper "The public demand for goods and services that seemed to be at the crux of many arguments against the reality of a recession has slowed substantially. Undeniable market declination and excruciating deficits in corporate, and even more troublesome, total industry profits have finally taken their toll on the average American. Lowered job security and renewed promises of a terrorist threat to the mainland are only a couple of the factors that have landed us in our current status which is, to say the least, not promising to those on the supply end. A decreased willingness to spend has been detrimental to the viability of formerly prime industries, particularly in neighborhoods like tech and air-travel. As if to gird those that have held fast to the validity of the notion that we have suffered a recession, the failure of widespread consumer demand to grow this quarter has perpetuated the condition of ailing stock prices, spreading unemployment and an unreliable job market."
Abstract The paper discusses how monetary policy is crucial to the economy and impacts all types of economic and financial decisions individuals make. It shows that since the United States is the largest economy in the world, its monetary policy also has significant economic and financial effects on foreign countries. The paper analyzes and examines various issues related to monetary policy. First, the state of the United States economy is discussed. Next, the issue of whether the Federal Reserve is more concerned about high inflation or the possibility of a recession is analyzed. Lastly, this paper outlines the direction of a recent monetary policy and examines the policy actions the Federal Reserve has taken to confirm that direction.
From the Paper "While monetary policy cannot impact either output or employment in the long run, it may affect them in the short run. For example, when demand contracts and there is a recession, the Federal Reserve may stimulate the economy, temporarily, and help push it back toward its long-run level of output by lowering interest rates. While monetary policy cannot expand the economy beyond its potential growth path or reduce unemployment in the long run, it may stabilize prices in the long run. Price stability is basically low inflation, i.e., inflation that is so low that consumers do not worry about it when they make decisions about what to buy, whether to borrow or invest, etc."
Abstract This paper discusses how these presidents had different approaches for bolstering the economy of the United States during the Great Depression. Their policies in the areas of business, labor, agriculture, banking, and relief for the unemployed are compared and contrasted. The effectiveness of these policies on the long-term American economy is also analyzed.
From the Paper "The Great Depression is generally thought to have started in 1929 and ended in 1941. The Depression brought massive unemployment, failed businesses and agriculture. During the Great Depression, as many as one in four Americans were unemployed.
"Herbert Hoover had the misfortune of being the President when the stock market crashed in 1929, and the Great Depression began. Franklin D. Roosevelt won over 57 percent of the popular vote, and defeated Hoover in the 1932 election."
From the Paper "Introduction
Monetary and fiscal policy have a direct effect on all individuals, yet many do not understand how these two types of economic controls work. Monetary policy in the United States is conducted largely by the Federal Reserve, which sets interest rates for commercial financial institutions. These institutions, in turn, set their interest rates based on the Fed rates, and customers pay (and receive) interest based on these rates. Higher interest rates result in higher borrowing costs and thus less borrowing activity. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, is conducted by the government and is concerned with government revenues and spending. Although fiscal policy is often equated with taxation by many voters, it encompasses a great many more issues than merely taxation, including how much (if any) debt should be carried by the..."
Abstract This paper begins by providing a summary of the mission statement of the WTO and identifies stakeholders and their respective positions regarding the organization's future evolution. It discusses the charge that has been made that the WTO enables multinational corporations to be intrusive to certain segments of societies. It evaluates whether the charge is valid and looks at the future prospects of the WTO.
From the Paper "What is the World Trade Organization? This multi-national group has more than 140 members, which account for over 97% of world trade. At this time, there are about 30 others discussing membership. The entire membership makes decisions, most usually by consensus. The WTO can use majority voting, but majority voting has never been used in the WTO, and was "extremely rare under the WTO's predecessor, GATT" (WTO.org). The main office is located in Geneva, Switzerland, and there are no branch offices. About 550 people work for the organization, including a director-general, who heads the organization. The mission statement of the WTO is complex and varied."
Abstract Perhaps one of the most prominent discussions involving accounting has to do with the differences between financial and management accounts. Some regard these differences to be a question of legality. Companies are required by law to submit financial statements based on certain requirements. On the other hand, management accounting can be structured to suit the needs of the company. However, the fact that firms can structure their management accounting statements according to their needs might lead one to suggest that major differences between these two systems relate to practicality. With this in mind, it is hypothesised that while legal issues are important for determining the differences between financial and management accounting they are not the only considerations, one must also consider the extent to which practical considerations contribute to the development of these differences.
Abstract This paper evaluates both the short and long term significance of the New Deal. It concerns not only the New Deal's immediate recovery efforts but its wider influence on the development of capitalism itself. The writer shows how Roosevelt's plan totally changed the economic governing to date and took America and ultimately the world economy out of the depression of the 1930's. The paper includes a number of quotes from politicians and analysts of the time.
From the Paper "There can be no doubting the significance of the New Deal. In addition to its critical immediate effects, the New Deal set a remarkably different economic trend for the twentieth century. Gauged by the program's two distinct phases of influence ? its short and long term impacts ? the New Deal's monumental significance is clear. In the short term the program led to a recovery of the United States economy and the comprehensive reform of American industry, agriculture and commerce."
