This paper discusses the position of the dollor as related to other currencies in the global currency market: Background, devaluation, effect on trade, reserves, interest rates and future.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, 1995, $ 47.95
From the Paper "Currency takes on a life of its own in the international trading markets. Aside from the value that governments place on their currency, international traders place value that ultimately determines how much any given currency can buy. In recent months, there has been increased attention given to the volatility of the world's currencies, with particular attention given to the American dollar, the Japanese yen, the Deutchemark, and the Mexican peso. This research examines the recent devaluation of the American dollar, the recent performance of the British pound and potential ramifications on the American and world economies.
The Japanese yen, German mark and American dollar are generally considered the world's strongest currencies. Merchants and governments expect these currencies to ... "
Abstract This paper examines the hotel and restaurant industry in the United States and provides several reasons for the rise in employee turnover rates in previous years. The paper shows that it might be the case that management is more at fault for this trend than the employees themselves.
Table of Contents
A Tight Job Market
Turnover Statistics
Salaried Versus Hourly
Part-time Employee Rates
The Hotel Industry
Layoffs Provide Potential Employees
Terrorism and the Economy
Attracting Employees
Surfing the Web
Luring Back Employees
Creating a New Image
Training the Future
Conclusion
From the Paper "Most people believe those in the hospitality industry work long hours, earn a low income and have very little chance for advancement in their career. The industry actually offers a wide selection of jobs with flexible hours. Hotels and restaurants are attempting to change their image by showing prospective employees the many benefits now being offered, which include training programs and the chance for advancement within the company."
Tags: hospitality, industry, training, recruitment, career
Abstract One of the functions of the government is to maintain stability in the economy and create an environment conducive for economic growth. The paper discusses the differing roles of the government from supply side and demand side perspective. In supply side economics, the government may reduce tax rates to create incentives for households to save and for business to invest. In demand side economics, the government may increase its expenditure level. The paper shows how both have the effect of increasing national output. The writer states that government expenditure, however, depends on revenues, the level of which is determined by the tax policy in place.
From the Paper "Supply side economics adheres to the idea that cuts in tax rates will lead to increase in potential GNP (Taylor, 1995, p. 549) Supply side economists claim that tax cuts have incentive effects on savings, investment and labor supply. (Dornbusch & Fischer, 1990, p. 697) Lower tax rates mean less tax on capital gains or asset earnings and this encourages people to save. A rise in savings increases the supply of financial capital or credit leading to a decrease in interest rates, the price of capital. This stimulates investment thereby creating jobs. At the same time, lower tax rates mean higher after-tax income or disposable income for workers, so reductions in tax rates encourage them to work more. This results to an increase in labor supply. Together with the rise in investments, this leads to an increase in production activities in the country boosting the national output and eventually expanding the tax base. "
Abstract This paper examines the causes of poverty and develops a practical proposal to eliminate poverty in the United States. It identifies the obstacles in eliminating poverty and evaluates the ability to manage these social issues. The paper considers the impact of inequalities derived from class position, race, ethnicity, and gender. The author also explores how contemporary changes in the political climate and the economy can contribute to poverty.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Poverty Rate
Central Causes of Poverty for the Commission to Investigate
Changes in the Political Climate and Economy
Proposal
Bibliography
From the Paper "The central cause of poverty that the commission would investigate would include single parent homes, lack of education, teenage pregnancy and lack of support within poor communities. The aforementioned issues seem to be the most significant determinants of poverty.
According to the Department of Health and Human Services children who are raised in single parent homes and children who are products of teenage mothers are more likely to live in poverty. In addition the lower the amount of education that an individual has the more likely they are to live in poverty. Studies have also found that when individuals in poor neighborhoods lack emotional and financial support it is very difficult for them to get out of poverty and create a better life for themselves."
Abstract This paper begins by describing the functions of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). It then looks at reasons for the Fed's historical preference for open market operation as a main tool of monetary policy and discusses three primary tools of monetary control. The writer also explains why the Fed does not utilize reserve requirements or the discount rate as part of its strategy and finally presents the strengths and weaknesses of the three tools of monetary policy.
From the Paper "To many Americans, it may appear that U.S. monetary policy is the work of one man, Alan Greenspan, Chairman, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board ("The Fed"). But that is only because Dr. Greenspan, while certainly an extremely powerful and influential person, is just the most visible of a number of powerful and influential individuals serving on important boards. In the background, out of the limelight, are many other key players, including members of the Federal Open market Committee (FMOC) (which Dr. Greenspan also chairs)."
Abstract The author expresses her view that while capitalism has benefits to some, it is a powerful pressure on women around the world. The paper states that despite all the advances women have made in American politics and attaining corporate power, globally, women are still the second sex victums. The paper discusses sexual stereotypes in advertising, prostitution, sex trafficking, package tours for sex and bride burning in India.
From the Paper "The pressure of encroaching capitalism, which is slowly emerging in developing nations of Asia, for example, brings with it a resurgence in prostitution. Women in Asia, particularly, are regarded as a commodity. Due to the globalization, the effects of capitalism and their governments' inability to provide employment, many of the women from Southeast Asia adopt prostitution. Most of these girls and women come from very poor places and slums where they do not have any food, shelter even clear drinking water. Often they carry the burden of supporting their families as well, and it is common practice for daughters to leave their home in the rice fields to go to the cities to prostitute themselves."
Abstract Discusses purposes money serves in today's economies. Critical task of governments and central banks in controlling the money supply. Money as the common medium of exchange; the tangible way to hold assets. Monetary policy. Growth of "virtual" money (cashless transactions). Example of CyberCoast, a fictional Northwest nation with a cashless system.
From the Paper "Controlling the money supply of a nation is a critical task that falls most often to governments and central banks. If there is too much money in circulation, inflation results; too little money, and the economy contracts. The goal is to strike a balance so that there is enough money to stimulate the economy, but not so much that the economy overheats. In the United States, money supply is controlled through fiscal (tax) policy and monetary policy. The government controls the fiscal policy, while the monetary policy is controlled indirectly by the government through the central bank in most modern economies.
Money serves several different purposes in today's economies. First and foremost, it is the common medium of..."
Abstract Discusses factors leading up to the collapse of the market and the Great Depression. Federal Reserve Policy. Arrogant attitude of the bankers, government, big business and the investors. Causes of the crash including speculation, overpricing of stocks, fraud & corruption, margin buying. Role of President Herbert Hoover. Economic structure of 1920s.
From the Paper "The factors leading up to the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression all had one element in common--arrogance. The bankers, the government, big business, and the investors all believed that the profits they were enjoying would never end, that the American economy was so strong that nothing could go wrong, and that no steps were necessary to safeguard against a collapse of the market and the economy. They believed this despite the fact that two earlier recessions had occurred in the 1920s, or perhaps because those recessions came and went with little lasting effect.
Whatever the economic, social and/or political lessons to be learned from the events of the 1920s which resulted in the crash of 1929, Galbraith makes clear the moral lesson: "It is that very specific and personal misfortune awaits those who presume to..."
Abstract This paper discusses the sensitive issue of pay inequality between men and woman. The writer shows that despite laws passed as far back as 1963, a relatively large gap still exists, and the highest percentage is during peak earning ages (25-54 years old). The paper examines the factors that have contributed to this earning gap and also discusses programs which have been institutionalized in an attempt to decrease the inequality in earning between genders.
From the Paper "In 1963, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it unlawful to discriminate against a worker on the basis of sex. Since that time, the wage gap between men and women in the United States has narrowed by just 15 cents, now being 74 cents, as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau."
The paper discusses the concept of a supply chain, the entire production process of a manufactured good from beginning to end, and how to apply it to managing a business efficiently.
Abstract The paper details how a company would create a supply chain to integrate channel partners including suppliers, distributors, customers, end users and service providers. The writer shows examples of companies that have benefited through the use of supply chains, and also brings in the opinion that opposes chains. Ultimately the paper argues in favor of the system.
From the Paper "Hau Lee, a supply-chain management professor at Stanford University stated that the problems reinforced the concept and need for accurate and collaborative forecasting initiatives. He said, ?The problem is that most companies are doing their forecasting independent of others in the supply chain. If everyone is doing it independently, no one has the full information or demand signals. Uncoordinated BTO is a recipe for disaster.? He further said that companies were reacting, making new efforts to make sure supply and demand remain in some sort of balance."
Abstract This research takes a look at the U.S. Social Security system, and asks the question whether privatization would provide a better approach to retirement for Americans than the current structure. It then examines social security system in Chile by way of contrast and analyzes the two for their effectiveness.
From the Paper "The so-called "baby boomers," one of the largest generational groupings in American history, are nearing the age when they will be able to collect Social Security benefits. When that happens, the ratio between those individuals contributing to Social Security and those receiving it will decline significantly. As a result, many have expressed concern about how Social Security can be funded over the long-term, and several different proposals have been made by politicians and economists alike."
Abstract This paper examines how the emergence of the Internet as a locus for commercial activities in the form of "e-commerce" has led some economists to conclude that new possibilities for development of a truly and generally efficient marketplace are being created. It analyzes how the e-commerce environment has a direct impact upon overall sales for any company that depends on sales as a means of enjoying a return on investment (ROI). It shows how e-commerce has the potential to create an entirely new sales environment that will adjust the ways in which a myriad assortment of activities are undertaken and organizations themselves structured. Financial management activities - ranging from investment decisions to capital resource allocation to inventory control and distribution channels - will all be impacted more and more as e-commerce becomes integral to business activities.
From the Paper "Another way in which e-commerce and the Internet are creating efficient markets is through development of "cost transparency." Sinha (2000) states that economists define cost transparency as a situation made possible by the abundance of free, easily obtained information on the Internet. Seller's production, marketing and distributions costs are made more transparent to purchasers, who can then negotiate favorable purchase prices that more nearly represent an adequate return on cost of production. When it becomes possible to compare the products of Company A to those of Company B in this manner, the balance between costs and prices becomes more nearly that which would be expected in a situation of perfect competition."
Abstract This research examines human resource development in the U.S. and Europe from a comparative perspective. The research sets forth the context in which human resources management (HRM) issues have assumed importance in recent years in the U.S. and Europe, providing an overview of the field and then discusses ways in which the American and European approaches to HRM overlap and converge on one hand, and diverge on the other.
From the Paper "Comparison of the US with European approaches to human-resources development must take account of what appear to be three different Europes. First there is the Europe of Great Britain, together with what is viewed in popular imagination as the special relationship between American and British culture. Indeed, the literature reveals a body of work that seeks to analyze the Anglo-American model, as noted by Keenoy. Second there is Western Continental Europe, i.e., the Europe of the Cold War West. Finally there is the Europe of the Warsaw Pact East, where a host of nation-states have since the late 1980s sought to restructure their economies to accommodate private enterprise rather than central-government economic planning."
Abstract The concept of lifetime employment is a striking example of the Japanese habit of developing new, but tradition-based, customs to suit the needs of the moment and discarding them when they no longer serve a purpose. Although the idea of a promise of permanent employment strikes foreigners as either an excellent example of social justice or a ludicrous imposition on businesses, it is poorly understood in the West. The paper shows that the idea is of recent origin and was a practical means of facilitating the various surges of industrialization and industrial change in Japan throughout the twentieth century. In Japanese fashion, however, the concept had roots in the past and was developed as a complement to a whole set of Japanese concepts (such as the emphasis on group membership and family) that enabled its rapid rise to the status of a widely accepted facet of the social order. The paper shows, however, that since the downward slide of the nation's economy began in the early 1990s this "custom"--which only applied to a portion of Japanese workers--has come under attack and is gradually being dismantled since it now works counter to the interests of those who instituted it and to the interests of the nation as a whole.
From the Paper "Lifetime employment arose at a time when Japan was making a rapid transition to industrialization and companies based their ideas (and their appeal to prospective employees) on traditional notions, such as family and the uchi group--two entities from which the individual is never expelled. Lifetime employment for white-collar workers continued to be a drawing card as companies competed fiercely for the best potential workers in each upsurge of activity in the nation's industries. The idea of permanent employment eventually became a standard benefit of many jobs which was further encouraged by the nature of organized labor in Japan. Unlike almost every other place in the world Japan's unions are organized on the basis of employment within a firm rather than across firms by job specialization."
Abstract The author argues that change in welfare benefits in 1996 has increased social problems among the poor, women, and children. Warnings about some of the problems that might ensue were ignored in a rush to bring about change, with the attitude that all that was needed was a way to force people off the welfare rolls and into jobs. One controversial element of the reform is a cut-off of aid after five years, which has ended the dependency on welfare. With this in mind, the author argues that at the same time hunger, homelessness, and misery has increased. The author strongly believes that the five year cut-off period will continue to increase social problems rather than helping to reduce them.
From the Paper "It has been believed for some time that there was a need for welfare reform, though how to achieve this and what a different welfare system would entail has been the subject of considerable argument. The current approach has been labeled mean-spirited and misdirected by critics who see in it as an attack not on welfare cheats or even on the bureaucracy administering welfare but on those least able to fight back or to succeed without government assistance, namely women and children and the truly needy poor. The Republicans state that they are placing incentives in the law to get people off the welfare rolls, incentives that will make it more attractive to have a job than to be on welfare, and incentives to prevent socially undesirable problems such as illegitimate births by women and girls seeking increased welfare payments or believing that they can have children because the government will subsidize their behavior."
