Abstract With an annual GDP comparable to that of the United States, and a population of about 450 million people as of May 1st, 2004, with the addition of 10 more East European countries, the European Union has become a major economic force in the world economy and will continue to be a dominant factor in how other countries do business within Europe. This paper shows that because of the influence and reach the European Union has on the international economy, it is important to understand how EU legislation will affect international marketing functions between European countries and international countries. Because the European Union is still in its developmental phases and growing at a tremendous rate, rules and regulations are constantly changing, making it extremely difficult for international companies to keep up to date with all the changes. This paper looks at the various aspects of the marketing mix that have been affected by EU legislation.
From the Paper "The creation of a single monetary system under the European Union will change the way companies do business both within the EU and internationally. The change to the single monetary system will impact the pricing variable of the marketing mix by creating more price transparency, reducing exchange rate risks with the European Union, and lowering transaction costs. Many companies doing businesses within the European Union will spend a great amount of time updating their financial systems and converting existing currency and pricing into the new monetary system. International marketers will also have to establish new pricing structures under the new monetary system."
Abstract This paper relates that stock market declines have a wide-ranging effect on many sectors of the economy; therefore, the health of the stock market is seen as an indicator of the general economic health. The author points out that drops in the stock market often translate into decreased net worth for both households and businesses, thereby, decreasing consumer spending and confidence, which damages the economy. The paper concludes that one of a number of solutions proposed to help stimulate the US economy includes tax rate cuts.
From the Paper "Certainly, the stock market is only one of the factors that can impact the economy. Savage notes that almost all Americans are familiar with the textbook example that WWII played an important part in stimulating America's economy. Importantly, given America's recent actions in Iraq, war can have a significant economic impact as well. Economist Robert Genetski notes that there are several important caveats on war's impact on the economy. He notes that markets often soar in anticipation of a quick victory, but that if the "battle were to be prolonged ... any market rally would be quashed. This prediction bodes poorly for the economy given recent news of continuing American deaths in the ongoing crisis in Iraq."
This paper discusses NAFTA, which established a free-trade zone in North America and was signed in 1992 by Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It took effect on Jan. 1, 1994.
Abstract This paper explains that NAFTA immediately removed tariffs on the majority of goods produced by the participating nations and set forth a plan for the gradual elimination, over a period of 15 years, of most remaining barriers to cross-border investment and to the movement of goods and services among the three countries. The author points out that, unlike the United States, Mexico's border communities have benefited from NAFTA, growing almost 10 times as fast as states in Mexico's south, while absorbing the lion's share of foreign investments. The paper concludes that calling NAFTA a "trade" agreement is misleading; NAFTA is actually an investment agreement because its core provisions grant foreign investors a solid set of new rights and privileges that promote relocation abroad of factories and jobs and the privatization and deregulation of essential services, including water, energy, and health care.
From the Paper "In 2000, California's exports to Mexico totaled $14.4 billion, an increase of nearly 18 percent over the previous year, and Texas' shipments grew 5.5 percent to a total of $24.6 billion, according to Commerce Department figures (Lewis, 2004). Meanwhile, the United States continues to lure Mexican workers, many of whom came from rural communities when Mexico opened its markets to subsidized U.S. agricultural goods."
Abstract The paper analyzes two articles from the "New York Times", which provide nuances to the economic concepts of scarcity, supply, and demand in the current United States' economy. The two articles analyzed are "Supply Varies, Demand Doesn't" (Mark Hevesi, March 2004) and "OPEC Ratifies Pledge to Cut Production Targets" (Simon Rivero, March 2004). Texts of the articles are included in the paper.
From the Paper "Americans are of course concerned about this proposed cut in production. After all, the average retail price for gasoline in the United States rose on Tuesday to $1.753 a gallon, a record high, according to AAA. But despite the legitimacy of American consumer fears, this proposed cut does not necessarily mean that prices will skyrocket still higher. Consider that OPEC is a cartel, not a country. It is an organization made up with many competing national interests that do not always seamlessly correspond on an economic or a political level."
Abstract This paper examines the evolution of economic regionalism as a means for fostering foreign trade and, thereby, ensuring economic growth of participating countries. The paper presents various relevant factors of economic integration over the past few decades, focusing on economic regionalism in Latin America.
From the Paper "The Latin American republics encouraged by the success of economic integration in Europe established several organizations like Central American Common Market, Latin American Free Trade Association, Andean Group, Caribbean Community and Common Market. The Central American Common Market established by a treaty in 1958 aimed at establishment of free trade area with agreements for industrial integration, reduction of barriers on the regional internal trade and introduction of single custom tariff. The Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA) was formed in 1970's on the principles of reciprocity and most favored nation's treatment. The geographical diversity and varying level of economic development of the member nations find the free trade concept as more advantageous."
Abstract This paper provides a general explanation of deregulation and then examines directly the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. From there, the paper explores the effects the Act has had on the airline industry and how it affects the way the industry operates in the current environment.
From the Paper "One of the most significant events in the air transportation industry was the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. This paper will review what deregulation, in general is, and then move specifically to the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. From there, this paper will explore what effects the Act has had on the industry. By understanding these concepts, one can better understand the environment the industry now operates in, and how far it has come."
Tags: removes, regulations, businesses, encourage, governmental, control, passenger, transport
Abstract This paper examines the extent to which openness, viewed as trade's share of GDP, impacts the trade-off between inequality and economic performance. The paper finds a positive and statistically significant relationship between openness and growth, yet a positive and statistically insignificant relationship between openness and inequality. The first part of the paper summarizes and evaluates the theoretical background and previous empirical research. Next, the paper presents the conceptual models tested in the paper. This is followed by a discussion of the ideal data set and an overview of the actual data. Following this discussion, the paper expounds the actual regression for the models used and presents the regression results. Finally, the paper ends with a summary and concluding remarks.
From the Paper "Economic theory going back to Adam Smith suggests that the greater the trade, in accordance with traditional trade theory, results in greater national income from specialization, according to Frankel and Romer (1999). Yet, several studies have found ambiguous relationships between these two measures. There are possible explanations of this, as if a country specializes in an industry that has low productivity gains, perhaps greater trade will not necessarily increase national income, but even decrease income relative to other trading countries that specialized in high productivity gaining industries. An example of high and low productivity gains industries are computers and agriculture. Yet, in general we would see that this is a special case and a positive relationship between openness and income is still predicted, and this is what is mostly seen in the empirical literature."
Abstract Following the collapse of Enron and WorldCom and the flow on effects to Arthur Anderson, legislatures world wide are recognising the need to reform the exposure of auditors and their firms to claims of negligence. This paper examines the merits of limiting the legal liability of auditors. The paper considers the measures recommended in Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP 9) and explores other practices adopted around the world.
From the Paper "Many of the principles setting out the legal liability of auditors are found in the common law. In the case Re: London & General Bank Ltd (No. 2) , the court held that an auditor must exercise reasonable care and skill, the level of which was dependant on the circumstances. These findings were confirmed in Re: Kingston Cotton Mill Company (No. 2) , where Lopes stated that the auditor was "...a watch-dog, but not a bloodhound" and that he was only required to investigate matters which aroused suspicion. These standards of reasonable care and skill are not static, they change with time, per the findings of Pennycuick J in Re: Thomas Gerrard & Son Ltd."
Abstract This paper discusses how globalization and outsourcing has affected the Indian economy and society. The paper gives a brief history about the country and discusses how technologically savvy Indian people have been since the beginning of time.
Introduction
History of India
India Historical Tidbits
Technology
Economic Impact
Economic History
Economic Boom of Today
The Ethical and Social Aspects and Effects of Globalization and Outsourcing in India
Pros
Cons
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "With the digital revolution and the dramatic fall in international telecommunication costs globalization has been made possible. Globalization has changed the way economies operate and this has only been possible due to the various innovations in the technological sectors. India has been in the fore-front of this global revolution. Call-centers, data processing facilities, telemedicine and software development type facilities are opening all over India and China where the labor is cheap and the trade-laws have been liberalized. Globalization would not have become as common as it is today without advancements in technology, mainly the internet. The internet allows real time communication from anywhere to anyone with access to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). With the internet, people can receive the help they need, place orders, arrange shipping and other aspects essential to today's business environment from anywhere there is internet access. Some of the reasons that India was chosen as the location for the call centers is due to the cheap labor rate, the willingness and enthusiasm to work in the global market, and the quality of education to middle class. Despite all the differences in religious, social and economic backgrounds, India has created a workforce that has embraced and used technology to position them at the forefront of outsourcing in a global economy."
Tags: education, globalization, history, india, outsourcing, science, technology
Abstract This paper provides an investigation into Nestle's marketing activities, examining its marketing techniques in terms of product, promotion, pricing and distribution. The paper looks at how Nestle has progressed to its present status in the food industry. It provides an analysis of Nestle's global marketing strategy and a study of the macro and micro environmental factors that affect the marketing strategies adopted by Nestle. The paper also looks at the Nestle website and shows how it can be used as a marketing tool.
Outline
Background and Significance Discussion
Implications and Recommendations
Macro and micro environmental factors and global marketing
The External Macro Environmental
Demographics
Technology
Economic Conditions
Business Cycle
Inflation
Interest Rates
Competition
Social And Cultural Forces
Gender Shift
Time Fitness
Political And Legal Forces
External Micro Environmental Factors
Market Suppliers
Marketing Intermediaries
An Organization's Internal Environment Factors
Market Segmentation
Marketing Segmentation Strategy of Nestle
Marketing Research Product, Packaging And Branding Strategy Of Nestle Nestle Product Positioning
Nestle Products Packaging And Labeling
Branding
Brand Equity
Pricing Strategy Of Nestle
Promotion of Nestle
Advertising
Sales promotion
Public Relations
The Role of Nestle's Website in Promotion
Distribution of Nestle's Products
Distribution System
Franchising Nestle's Organization Structure
Region Structure
Business Unit Structure
Nestle Foods And Beverages
Other Operations
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Nestle is a large company and its main aims are to maintain or increase its market share and sales volume in order to have stability in the market. Nestle adopts a sales oriented pricing scheme. Increase in sales volume would be advantageous to a company like Nestle because it allows for rapid growth and intimidates other companies which would like to enter the same market. Increasing or maintaining market share ensures that Nestle's products are the most widely used by consumers, giving Nestle market confidence in its products. This in turn could increase share prices and the stock because Nestle is regarded to be in a relatively stable position compared to other companies in the same market."
This paper uses the novel "Nickel and Dimed" by Barbara Ehreinreich to show that it is very hard, or even impossible to get by on America's current wage.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 0 sources, 2005, $ 40.95
Abstract America's poor work hard daily to make minimum wages with awful benefits. This paper explains how Ehrenreich gives up her life of riches for a few months of going "undercover" into the world of minimum wages and awful management to prove that it is impossible to support a wholesome lifestyle on their wages.
From the Paper "America is a country burdened with poverty and low wages. As years go by, it seems like the problem is getting worse and worse. As Barbara Ehrenreich shows in her book, "Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America", millions of average Americans work non-stop, endless hours every day of the week, and are still not able to secure an economically sound lifestyle for themselves, or the families many of them have to support. Barbara joins these average Americans in an attempt to prove that a six to seven dollar an hour job cannot provide in today's society. Although America's poor worker's failure to form unions plays a direct impact on their low incomes, other factors such as lack of education, no spare time, and no savings or extra money to begin with also contribute to their inability to rise from such poor lifestyles. It is all of these factors that lead to the growing impoverished population we are facing today."
Abstract The writer of this well-researched paper details the health risks which can and do result, due to the use of hormones in the beef produced in America and around the world. This paper traces the use of hormones in beef back to the 1970s, when the U.S. began using hormones to accelerate the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. The writer contends that over 95% of the cattle in the U.S. are currently being administered growth promoting hormones. This paper examines the ongoing conflict between the U.S., the European Union and Canada over the ban on cattle products produced with growth hormones. Since the 1950s, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), has been researching the effects of growth hormones and it, as well as other scientific experts, have found that there is no difference between beef raised on hormones and those raised without. This paper delves into the various FDA laws which permit the use of hormones in restricted amounts. The writer of this paper also focuses on the health risks involved with the ingestion of these hormones. Scientists and health experts contend that any increase in the level of hormones, above that which occurs naturally in humans, carries a potential risk of carcinogenic effects.
From the Paper "Beginning in the 1970's the United State's meat industry began using hormones to improve the growth rate of animals in an effort to conserve time and money. In 1981, the European Union began restricting the use of growth hormones within the Union itself, and also began restricting the import of meat and meat products derived from cattle that had been given hormones. During the past years, the European Union have updated and/or amended its regulations several times, generally to include more hormones, however, for the most part, the regulations have remained the same. The dispute at the World Trade Organization concerns the use of six scientifically approved hormones used for cattle growth promotion, estradiol, melengestrol acetate, progesterone, testosterone, trenbolone acetate, and zeranol."
Abstract International business is important to every business person today. Even if a company does not have international locations, it is necessary to stay afresh of the situation in the foreign currency exchange markets. By keeping abreast of these markets, a business can monitor their competition and perhaps even move internationally someday. This paper examines the various institutions and markets that are in place to help monitor international trade, including the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the gold standard.
From the Paper "The modern financial system is called the "floating currency" system. This have proved to be a more efficient system in most people's eyes, but there are some that think the system should be set back to the gold standard. Since 1976, the United States government no longer sets the gold value of a dollar. The price rises and falls in relation to the demand for the metal. During the time of the gold standard, it was actually illegal for any United States citizen to privately own gold. This was to ensure that there was not any accidental increase in the monetary system, which would cause an inflation (Pagewise 2002)."
Abstract The paper presents a review of the issue of the national debt: causes, effects, and possible solutions. It looks at the history of the national debt, how it measures the net effect of fiscal policies and reviews effects and what the increase in the national debt means.
From the Paper "This research examines the issue of the national debt in the United States together with what if anything should be done about the national debt. When one speaks of the national debt one is referring to the monetary obligations of the United States Treasury. Such obligations are created by the United States Treasury through the issuance of monetary obligation instruments... "
Abstract In this article, the writer examines of a Harvard case study involving Alden Products Inc. (A.P.I.) The writer looks at the question of whether the company should expand an existing manufacturing facility. The writer examines the increase in sales of A.P.I. products and discusses whether a new plant should be built in Europe.
From the Paper "The A.P.I. plant in Holland should be expanded again to accommodate the expected increase in sales in the E.U. which are expected to double in the next ten years There are several reasons for this recommendation. The first is that there is every reason to believe that expansion is necessary and that demand for A.P.I. products will double over the next ten years. One of the reasons that demand is so robust in the E.U. is the fact that the E.U. is an unqualified success and with the ..."
Tags: Harvard case study, Alden products, manufacturing decision, buy, build new or expand.
