From the Paper
"This study will discuss strategic arms control and disarmament issues between the United States and the Soviet Union. The study will briefly review the evolution of these issues from the end of World War II up to February, 1992, in the wake of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the extremely uncertain and unstable circumstances which prevail as a result of that disintegration.

The Cold War (now declared "dead" in the aftermath of the break-up of the Soviet Union) stretched over more than four decades and was most terrifying in terms of the nuclear issues which dominated that period from the end of World War II to late 1991 when the Soviet Union was officially broken up. For the bulk of that period --- in the wake of the American bombing of two Japanese cities and the creation by the Soviets of their own ..."

From the Paper
"The Breakup of the Soviet Union


This paper will discuss the dissolution of the Soviet Union, focusing particularly upon the nature of the communist government and the effects of Mikhail Gorbachev's economic, political, and social reforms in the 1980s.


The Soviet Union was established in 1917 as a result of revolutionary developments in Russia dating back to the 19th Century. At the beginning of the 20th Century, Russia was essentially a feudal society, lagging economically and politically behind the countries of western Europe. A few individuals had been inspired by the American and French revolutions in the 18th Century to attempt to change the autocratic government of the Tsar, but had little support within Russia (Gooding, 1992, 38-39). The movement towards a more..."

From the Paper
"The abrupt collapse of the Soviet Union at the beginning of the 1990s was possibly the least anticipated development of the twentieth century. Almost all writers on the future of the Soviet Union foresaw something quite different than what actually came to pass. Liberals had a vague hope that the system would liberalize into Western European-style social democracy. Conservatives had an equally vague hope that nationalism, religion, or the sheer inefficiency of state socialism, might eventually undermine the system and lead to a counter-revolution.
On both sides of the spectrum, however, these possibilities were, well into the 1980s, banished into an indefinite future (Urban, 1993, pp. xix-xx). Only one writer, the Soviet historian.."

From the Paper
"Introduction
It has been repeatedly pointed out that much of the legitimacy that the Soviet regime enjoyed was connected with the modest growth in the standards of living that have been a feature of Soviet society, especially after World War II and during the early portion of the Brezhnev period. The insignificant cost of housing, food and other basic necessities--whenever available and whatever low quality--guaranteed full employment and some possibilities for social mobility. In this sense it can be argued that the Soviet economy was largely responsive to political direction in the Stalin and post-Stalin periods up to 1985. However on a deeper level the Soviet system was about to become undone because it was based on a developmental model that appears to have been outmoded (Colton, "What Ails the Soviet System, pp..."

From the Paper
" The rise to power across Eastern Europe of a new revolutionary class of dissidents in 1989 and 1990--this time a class of anti-communist dissidents--has been one of the most dramatic changes in contemporary politics. Throughout Eastern Europe, thousands marched for freedom and bulldozers leveled statues of communist heroes, leaving Vladimer Lenin lying face down in the streets of a new era. Political parties headed by opponents of communist rule came to power through free elections in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia; the communist regime of the German Democratic Republic was ousted by anti-communist dissidents, preparing the way for unification with West Germany; and non-communist political parties appeared for the first time since the Second World War in Bulgaria and Romania.

Partly because of a desire for a peaceful transition and.."

From the Paper
"The Evolution of Soviet Politics
This paper will discuss the evolution of politics in the Soviet Union after the Revolution of 1917. The first part of the paper will examine the political situation under Lenin, including a discussion of the similarities in government between Imperial Russia under the Tsars and the Soviet Union under the Communists. The second part of the paper will discuss the changes in the political structure of the government under Joseph Stalin and how these changes transformed the nature of Soviet government during these years. The third part of the paper will look at how Stalin's successors repudiated his governmental structure and returned, in part, to the structure and policies of Lenin. The fourth part of the paper will examine how Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to reform Soviet political structure just before it collapsed."

From the Paper
"Russian Economic Transformation
Introduction
This research examines the process and status of economic transformation in the Republic of Russia. The scope of this research covers the period subsequent to the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 (Berger, 1993, p. 32); however, the principal focus of this examination is on the status of and developments in the Russian economy in the 1993-1994 period.


The Republic of Russia is, in effect, the successor state to the former Soviet Union (Brockway, 1994, pp. 12-13). Although any of the 15 autonomous republics of the former Soviet Union could claim such a designation, the Russian Republic is the only one of those 15 states that retains any semblance of the international stature of the former Soviet Union."

The emergenc

From the Paper
"Since the breakup of the Soviet Union into individual nations, the region's economies have undergone severe changes. Centralized planning and state ownership of nearly all factors of production has given way to increased privatization. The region has witnessed some individuals who have made sizable profits as a result of the new policies, while other individuals have seen their standards of living decrease. The result is that the various nations are scrambling to establish monetary and fiscal policies that can help the various nations emerge from the 70 years of socialism and centralized planning into a new era. In the early years of the 1990s, the region witnessed high levels of inflation, economic disruption and upheaval, and increased scrutiny by outside economic forces, including the International ... "

From the Paper
" When Czar Nicholas I emancipated the serfs of the Russian Empire in 1861 it was not so much a liberal revolution as a return to traditional standards - for serfdom was not an ages-old institution in Russia, as in Western Europe, but a relatively late-developing tangent to the rise of imperial, centralized power. Historically, the great majority of the Russian people have been peasants, and by the mid-19th century almost all peasants were either serfs of private landowners or in serflike bondage to the state.

It was not always so. In Kievan Russia (879 A.D. - 1240 A.D.), and under the Tartar occupations (11th century - 14th century), most peasants had been freedmen, though there were some who were simple slaves. Though the process of the establishment of serfdom in Russia is variously interpreted, it can be ... "

From the Paper
"PRIVATIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA

Introduction
This research examines the process of privatization of economic enterprises in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Where appropriate, privatization efforts in Argentina and Brazil are highlighted when considering privatization in Latin America, and privatization efforts in the Czech Republic and Poland are highlighted when considering privatization in Eastern Europe. Privatization efforts in these regions are compared with similar efforts in other regions, and where possible the privatization of telecommunications services is highlighted. The effects of privatization on the economies of the countries discussed generally and the effects on the foreign debt levels of these countries are discussed."

From the Paper
"With the collapse of the Soviet Union, America's relationship with Russia and other post-communist countries has fallen into some disarray. For more than 40 years, the primary objective of U.S. foreign policy was the containment of the Soviet communist threat. With the abrupt end of that objective in 1991, the United States has found itself in the dark about how to relate with the successor states of the Soviet Union, including Russia, and what objectives to pursue in advancing American interests.

This research examines the traditional and new relationships the United States has forged with Russia, particularly since the end of the Cold War in 1991. Some attention will be given to the traditional Cold War relationship between the United States and Russia, but this study will ..."

Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of institution building in Eastern Europe and the interaction between formal and informal rules as one of the possible explanators of encountered difficulties. The general situation in Ukraine is described, as well as the banking system.

From the Paper
"The collapse of the Soviet Union bloc created an institutional vacuum in the whole Eastern Europe. Institutional change was seen as a key factor in solving problems. Three crucial issues were on the agenda at the moment: what and how institutions should be chosen, and how quick this process should be, as there was no possibility at that time to identify alternative institutional arrangements and assess precisely their consequences. The transition from socialism to capitalism made institutional restructuring indispensable. After the expiration of the socialist legal framework, new stable rules were required for carrying out interactions. In the then absence of formal rules people fell back on customs and traditions.

The West perceived the end of the communist rule as a clear vote for the capitalism. But it also assumed existence of the rational utility maximizers who would easily identify new opportunities, assess their consequences and allocate scarce resources in the best possible way. In my view transitologists tended to focus on the future rather than the socialist past, but failures of institution building in Ukraine have proved these approaches to be unrealistic and inappropriate in tackling the restructuring of institutions in CEE because, given incomplete knowledge and uncertainty, the importance of transaction costs, was not paid adequate attention to. Transaction costs are costs of resources necessary for the transfer of property rights from one economic agent to another, they include costs of making exchange and maintaining institutional structure. The calculation of costs did not include the costs for convincing people that the legal system was credible and stable, the cost of new institution-building and the costs of making people understand why the institutional restructuring was necessary or what was required for it. Also, according to Bossak, the frequent changing of rules, insecure property rights and restrictions on asset trading also increased such costs."

Tags: capitalism, central, communism, democracy, economics, institutions, politics, post, transformation

Abstract
This paper explores the origins, history and events of the Cold War. This paper examines the economic system differences between the two sides as the primary points of contention, suspicion and conflict. This paper states that, during the Cold War, the Soviet Union was never a match for the United States; the Soviet Union'stechnology and weaponry was a generation behind and, most strikingly, it was influenced heavily and kept in check by the United States itself.

From the Paper
"The Soviet Union propped up communist sympathetic states throughout the world including Cuba, Vietnam and Korea; but these states never developed independent or self-sufficient economies or political structures, unlike the puppet states supported by the United States. In February 1948, a coup toppled the democratically elected leaders of Czechoslovakia?the last of the Eastern European nations to maintain political independence from the Soviet Union. Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania and now Czechoslovakia were absorbed into the Soviet orbit."

Tags: aggressive, technology, origins, events, suspicion, conflict, stalin, nato, warsaw, pact

Abstract
This paper analyses the post-soviet transformation of the institutions providing health care in the Ukraine, basing the study on various statistical tables. It addresses the lack of interest in the transformation of these institutions and lists reasons for this lack of interest. It discusses the change in management structure in the light of the basic economic indicators for the Ukraine. It tackles the problem of corruption in Ukrainian organizations, looks at the changes in the sources of finance of health-care and deals with the additional costs borne by patients. The paper concludes that the current situation concerning health-care is absolutely adequate to the general situation in the Ukrainian economy and that the reforms are unnecessary.

From the Paper
"There has been a noticeable lack of interest of western observers and reformers in the multiple transitions in health care in post-Soviet societies. The Ukraine is not an exclusion, since the country's economy is obviously the major reason of all the problems it is witnessing nowadays. Therefore, in the western debate mostly the changes in the other sectors are considered. In, politics, for example, the emphasis has been made on the shift from dictatorship towards democracy. In economics, the focus is mainly stuck on transformation from centrally planned system to capitalism, or market economy, as well as on the inclusion in global markets. Moreover, in foreign policy, the attention is drawn to the implementation of openness to Europe from the suspicious attitude that existed before. Recently, interest has also extended to the phenomenon of crime and corruption in post-Soviet countries."

Tags: soviet, transformation, institutions, statistics, interest, management, structure, economics, corruption, finance, costs

Abstract
This paper investigates the post socialist economy of the Czech Republic. It explores the macroeconomic experiences of the country over the past decade. The paper addresses questions such as political re-organization, trade liberalization, privatization, economic stabilization and economic growth. The paper discusses whether the post socialist system has been successful or unsuccessful.

Introduction
About the Czech Republic
Political Reorganization
The Economy of the Czech Republic
Economy over the Past Ten Years
Privatization
Success or Failure
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"The CIA World Fact Book reports that after World War II Czechoslovakia was influenced greatly by the Soviet Union. Furthermore in 1968, ?an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's leaders to liberalize party rule and create "socialism with a human face." (Czech Republic) The Czech people staged anti-Soviet demonstrations and in turn they were oppressed by the Soviet region. In 1989 the Soviet authority finally collapsed and the nation was freed through the "Velvet Revolution." In January of 1993, the Czechoslovakia became two separate national components, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Encarta reports that the Czech Republic is a member of NATO and is attempting to compete in the global economy with world markets."

Tags: communism, soviet, vaclav, klaus, milos, zeman, vladimir, spidla, koruna