Abstract This research paper traces the evolution of American involvement in and international strategy toward Bosnia during the period beginning with the outbreak of war among indigenous forces there in early 1992 and continuing to the present time
From the Paper "U.S. Involvement in Bosnia During the 1990s
This research paper traces the evolution of American involvement in and international strategy toward Bosnia during the period beginning with the outbreak of war among indigenous forces there in early 1992 and continuing to the present time.
Outline
1. 1991-1992. The United States failed to develop an effective international strategy for coping with the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the war in Bosnia in large part because after the Cold War, its senior policy makers during the Bush administration did not view the United States as having any vital national interests involved in that conflict and, was therefore, determined to leave the diplomatic initiative for its..."
An examination of the history, development, conquests, contributions and decline of the Empire and its relevance to ethnic and territorial conflicts in late 20th century politics, economics, extreme nationalism and leadership.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 22 sources, 2000, $ 135.95
Abstract This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula
From the Paper "Ottoman Empire And Currebt Balkan Conflicts
This research paper examines the relevance of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans to contemporary current conflicts and tensions in that region. Because of the nature and long duration of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire left deep and longlasting effects on the nations which today make up the Balkan peninsula. In some respects and especially during the first several centuries of Ottoman rule, its legacy was conducive to the maintenance of order, prosperity and ethnic and religious toleration. However, certain facets of Ottoman policy and practice, which intensified as its Empire declined and its hold over the Balkans weakened, also contributed to the stunting of the area's political, economic and intellectual growth, and the development and the exacerbation of deep-seated ethno-religious..."
Abstract Yugoslavia was a nation under the Soviet sphere of influence, yet it was largely an artificial nation made up of entities that did not get along and that tried to divide up the region once the threat of Soviet force was removed.
From the Paper "Yugoslavia was a nation under the Soviet sphere of influence, yet it was largely an artificial nation made up of entities that did not get along and that tried to divide up the region once the threat of Soviet force was removed. The current ethnic conflict in what was formerly Yugoslavia has roots that extend far back into history. The ethnic groups in the region have long been divided by cultural differences, religion, and language. Efforts to unify the region failed until after World War I, when the impetus to come together increased for economic and security reasons. Yet, the state that emerged was always tenuous because the union did not satisfy the needs of all the groups equally. The former Yugoslavia is perhaps the most unstable of all the former Soviet satellite states, and even though the direct attack on Kosovo was stopped by U.N. forces..."
From the Paper "Introduction
Since the mid-1980s, the economic system in the former Soviet Union has ostensibly moved toward a more open and capitalistic system. The implementation of capitalism has met with varying degrees of success in the various states which have emerged from the former Soviet Union. In Russia, the once centrally planned economy gave way to markets which were much more open, but the results of those open markets was decidedly mixed. As the Russian economy has encountered problems in recent years, there have been calls for a return to an economic system which is more planned than that which currently exists. This research examines the economic systems of Russia and the United States as a new millenium begins.
The Economic Environment in Russia
In general, Russia..."
Tags: FORMER SOVIET UNION: POST-1990, ECONOMICS: GENERAL
Abstract This paper provides a historical background of the war in Bosnia. The book, "Sarajevo Blues" by Semezdin Mehmedinovic is discussed in order to illustrate a personal account of the day to day existence in Sarajevo, during the Bosnian war. The factors that tore Bosnia apart and rendered it helpless to the conflicts raging within, are outlined in the paper.
From the Paper "The war started in April 1992, when Yugoslavia was dissolved because the former leader, Tito, had passed away. This resulted in a vying for power between the three ethnicities in Bosnia. The Muslims and Croats favored independence for Bosnia while most of the Serbs did not. However, the votes were over 63% in favor of independence and since this meets the standard for recognition by the US and the EU, Bosnia was recognized as an independent country in April 1992."
Abstract The paper discusses the relationship between Poland and the Soviet Union at the time. It explains that Poland implemented martial law in order to avert a Soviet-led invasion.
From the Paper "Jaruzelski did not try to justify his actions in 1981 beyond asserting the need to protect Poland, but he has spoken on the subject more recently. The Communist Party's monopoly of power was threatened by the rise of Solidarity, and Jaruzelski knew that the Soviet Union had not hesitated to use force to suppress an anti?Communist uprising in Hungary in 1956 and had done so again against the liberal "Prague Spring" in 1968."
Abstract This paper analyzes the current economic state of Eastern European countries as they emerge from Communism into free market economic systems. It shows the hurdles facing these economies as they struggle to grow - from corrupt leaders to broken down legal systems, from the lack of infrastructure to limited resources. This paper looks at these problems and asks what can be done to solve them.
From the Paper "A few years after the collapse of the USSR the market began to emerge with vigor as inflation lowered and the rouble saw some semblance of stabilization. As living standards rose, it was assumed that the problems were over. The boom soon became invisible as in August 1998 the financial crisis created a national debt causing the rouble to become merely a quarter of its former value. Capitalists predicted the worst as the falling rouble caused the domestic productivity to increase and again the nation felt hope. Yet, past record has shown that the former communist economic conditions are worse than they seem. (Aslund, 2002)"
Abstract A paper which traces the causes, course and results of the Bosnian war which destroyed this once peaceful country. The paper shows how, from a mosaic country made up of every religion and ethnic group, Bosnia became divided by racial hatred and led to a genocide not seen in the world since World War II. The paper examines the concentration camps, the Serbian atrocities and the way in which the international community became involved.
From the Paper "Now, almost a decade after the brunt of the fighting has ceased, the country still remains in shambles. The war devastated the entire country to the point that no restoration is apparent. My friend, Sanela, has returned to her country once since she fled here to the Unites States. ?The whole country is demolished. I would say over 90 percent of the entire country has been completely destroyed by the war.?
Looking back on this war as part of a research paper, it is horrifying to try to imagine what it must have been like to actually have been there. I accidentally stumbled upon Sanela's past; she has never talked to anyone about this except what is left of her family. I am thankful that she has shared her story with me and shed light on this subject that I knew absolutely nothing about. I am more thankful today for my friends and family and everything I have. Once you have become close to someone who has lost everything, you begin to realize how petty your problems really are."
Tags: independent, state, United, Nations, Serb, Paramilitary, Muslims, Bush, administration
Abstract This paper describes Becker's novel "Jakob the Liar": Jakob, a Polish Jew in the Ghetto, finds himself a neighborhood hero by fabricating reports from his imaginary radio. The paper illustrate that the radio may not be real, but the impact Jakob's radio reports have on the community is real: The inhabitants of this ghetto community now have a sense of hope as they are told of "reports" that the armies are coming to save them. The paper author feels that Becker's use of the imaginary radio brings the reader into the reality of living in Jakob's ghetto.
From the Paper "In the case of Jakob and Lina, the radio brings these two people closer together. When Jakob "plays" the radio for Lina, it is a moment that draws them closer and one of sincere comedy. These were bleak times, and the radio essentially brings hope and happiness to a neighborhood that faces the inevitable. These moments happen often within the first half of the novel, as the radio reports are a ray of light. "
From the Paper ""I drink this toast with particular pleasure. No others are needed, for in reality we owe the Emancipation to the Emperor alone."Count Leo Tolstoy.
The Emancipation of the serfs in Russia was instigated by the Tsar himself and supported by a narrow coterie of liberal intellectuals who considered serfdom a moral evil. The Tsar's opposition to serfdom originated in moral indignation against what he considered a "centuries old injustice.". It did not arise from pressure on the part of the nobility nor as a result of agitation on the part of the peasants themselves.
More importantly, it did not result from any sort, however limited or simplistic, of analysis of the economic problems of ... "
From the Paper "As might be expected in a country as vast as the USSR, there is an abundance of almost all natural resources. Almost the only commodities which the environment of the Soviet Union does not provide for itself are those of tropical agriculture, such as natural rubber, cacao and coffee. It is above all in minerals that the country is exceedingly wealthy.
But the prime resource of any country is land, and the USSR has one-seventh of the world's land surface. Not all the land, however, is of great value. Extensive areas are tundra, desert, or mountainous, where climate or relief make agriculture impossible and even settlement difficult. The arable land of the USSR is largely confined to the three natural zones of steppe, forest steppe, and mixed forest. Outside these zones there are only very limited, although important, areas of arable land in ... "
From the Paper "The tiny country of Lithuania, located on the shores of the Baltic Sea, is dwarfed both in size and population by the other Eastern European countries. Indeed, Lithuania is no longer a sovereign state; since 1940 it has been a member of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republics, herein known as the Soviet Union. The purpose of this paper will be to analyze the events in the years 1939 and 1940 that led to the reincorporation of this small country into its giant neighbor to the east. An analysis of this nature necessarily involves not only a brief look at the background of the country, but also a discussion on the causes of the events that occurred during these two years.
Lithuania was under Czarist control for approximately one hundred and twenty years before the outbreak of World War I. However, one must be led to believe that the Lithuanians are ... "
This paper analyzes the Russian social system: Its strengths and weaknesses, major trends in Soviet economic thought & politics since the revolution, the necessary diversions from Marxist dogma and concessions to a more capitalist system.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, 1979, $ 95.95
From the Paper "The following research is on the subject of developed socialism in the Soviet Union. In the now almost two-year old Carter Administration we have witnessed a renewed interest in the more competitive aspects of the relationship between the United Stats and the Soviet Union. The rather crude utilization of the carrot-and-stick philosophy of relations with an adversary has focused attention on the relative strengths and weaknesses of both our respective military and economic systems. Those who seek to know the "bottom line" - and tend to oversimplify in getting there - are again asking, "Who is the stronger?"
It has been said of the development of our two nations that the United Stats is gradually becoming more socialistic and the Soviet Union more capitalistic; and some speculate that the two nations will, at some unspecified future date, meet, their ... "
This paper analyzes the United States' views on the principal aspects of the Cold War as indicated by its governmental leadership including
economic and ideological post-war goals.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, 1979, $ 63.95
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to provide an analysis of the United States' views on the principal aspects of the Cold War as indicated by its governmental leadership.
American occupation policy in Europe resulted from the agreements made between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at Yalta in February of 1945, and elaborated upon at the Potsdam Conference later that year. Yalta is generally spoken of as the beginning of the Cold War but deeper roots go back to the Casablance Conference, which Churchill proclaimed to be the "end of the beginning." By declaring for "unconditional surrender, the Conference was held to serve the purpose of assuring Stalin the allies would never make a separate peace with Hitler. This was a message never accepted by Stalin, only heightening his belief the allies would fight to the last drop of Russian blood."
This paper analyzes Soviet's socialist approach to protecting the land: Ecology, agriculture, water and air pollution, conservation, perestroika, natural resources, economic aspects, public policy, legislation, Chernobyl and international issues.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 20 sources, 1990, $ 135.95
From the Paper "The socialist society is founded upon public ownership and management of nonconsumption assets; the government is required to act as a conservator. This function has proved to be incompatible with "socialist legality," the ideal that the government should adhere to a known law.
SOVIET ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: GENERAL ANALYSIS
Article 14 of the original Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics declared all natural resources, lands, minerals and forests to be the property of the state, incapable of private ownership and exploitation: thus government action was necessary to preserve the environment or remedy pollution. Article 67 of the 1977 Constitution obligates citizens to "protect nature and conserve its riches."
Under the 1968 Fundamental Land Legislation of the Supreme
