From the Paper
"The brutally repressed 1989 student protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square have been widely seen as one spark that helped ignite the uprisings in Eastern Europe in that same year. When it is asked why the same kind of uprising did not take place in China many scholars have blamed the supposed absence of "civil society" there. Though uses of this term vary considerably, those who subscribe to this explanation of China's problems generally conceive of civil society as "an arena of independent associational activity free from state domination" (Perry, Introduction 297). This is the type of activity -- ranging from the Catholic Church in Poland to dissident intellectual circles in Czechoslovakia -- that others have credited with providing the "institutional stage on which the revolutions of 1989 were played out" (Perry, Introduction 297). This explanation seems fitting..."

From the Paper
"This research paper explores aspects of the complex inter-relationships between nationalism, as manifested in East Central Europe, and relations between core and periphery statesin that area within the modern world economic system. The paths nationalism took in East Central Europe in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were strongly, but by no means exclusively, influenced by the nature and content of the interactions between those states and certain great powers. Today, nationalism in the area remains a potent force.

Definitions
East Central Europe basically comprises the areas which make up modern Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Nationalism is the political expression of the desires of specific ethnic..."

From the Paper
"This research examines economic reform in Ukraine. Ukraine became an independent country in December 1991, in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Economic reform in the Former Soviet Union was initiated prior to that country's dissolution. Therefore, this examination of economic reform in Ukraine covers the period from 1985, when former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated Soviet economic reform, through the fall of 1995.

Economic reform in Ukraine has been inhibited by both internal and external factors. Internally divisions within the country's population over both the character and pace of economic reform has impeded implementation of change. Externally, ..."

Tags: FORMER, SOVIET, UNION

From the Paper
"Ethnic differences between the Balkan republics during the last century are the driving force behind today's war in the former Yugoslavia. Although once united in an uneasy peace with one another under a watered down communist regime, the republics have always been divided by ethnic, religious, and political differences. By the 1990s, these differences reached a flashpoint, and the Yugoslavian republics were headed on a collision course.

Because the Yugoslavian republics had been federally forced together despite their differences, what appeared as relative stability was, in fact, an explosion waiting to happen. Some of the differences leading to the ongoing bitterness and strife between the different republics will be examined. In addition, an overview of past communist rule will show that the republics have always struggled for autonomy, despite strong federal forces. Finally, a look at future possibilities will include a discussion of the probability of peace or continued war."

From the Paper
"This research examines Soviet and American influences on events in Kosovo Province, Serbia subsequent to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. As the Former Soviet Union (FSU) itself disintegrated in the winter of 1991-1992, successor states to the FSU, particularly Russia and Ukraine, also have influenced outcomes in Kosovo, and these influences are addressed in this research when appropriate.

Kosovo is a rugged area four-fifths the size of Connecticut. The region's population of almost two million is 90 percent ethnic Albanian, and an additional one million ethnic Albania..."

From the Paper
"According to one observer, animosity among ethnic groups in the global context ?is beginning to rival the spread of nuclear weapons as the most serious threat to peace that the world faces.? While conflicts based in ethnic tensions tend to be localized in setting, the implications for world peace typically have a much wider scope. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, as an example has had, thus far, ?little immediate impact on relations among the great powers, but much larger consequences could flow from the tensions rising between the Russian Republic and the Baltic states. If Russia were to move militarily to protect its co-nationals in Estonia or Latvia, where they are now being mistreated, a cold peace would develop between Moscow and..."

Tags: RACISM

From the Paper
"TRANSITION FROM SOVIET TO RUSSIAN EDUCATION
Introduction
This research examines the transitions in education from the late-period of the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, a constituent state of the Soviet Union, to the early-period of the Russian Republic, a politically independent nation. The period covered in this research roughly spans the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s.

Problem Statement
The Soviet Union was an ideologically based state that both politicized and biased education as a part of governmental policy (Yegorov, 1993, p. 13). Modifications of this approach to education began in the Soviet Union prior to the collapse of Communist rule, as.."

From the Paper
"Since the 1989 withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan, the country has been torn apart by civil war. Ethnic groups have been fighting a war characterized by shifting alliances and no sign that anyone can ever win. In addition to ethnic rivalries, there are religious disputes between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims. None of the factions seems interested in seceding from the state, although many, such as the Uzbeks and the Tajiks, live mainly in areas that border the 'home' nations of their ethnic groups. Western interest in Afghanistan dropped off once the Soviets fled and the wars are seldom reported in the Western daily press. Five articles on the civil war in Afghanistan are reviewed here. They range from August 1993 to July 1995. All are concerned with the same subject, but address it from different points of view.
The writers' perspectives range from the ultra-conservative.."

Tags: soviet

From the Paper
"On May 25, 1993, U.N. Security Council Resolution 827 established an international tribunal charged with prosecuting violations of international law arising from the armed conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Not since the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, following World War II has an international court tried individuals accused of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide. The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTFY), which was established at The Hague, Netherlands, is widely seen as an important step toward the deterrence of crimes, the establishment of the firm rule of international law, and the promotion of world peace. Yet, from its inception, the tribunal has generated controversy among supporters and detractors. Among those who believe that the tribunal idea is sound, the principal concerns are that such an institution be established on a sound.."

From the Paper
"SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC RAMIFICATIONS OF ALCOHOLISM IN RUSSIA
Introduction
This research examines the political and economic ramifications of the problem of alcoholism in Russia. The question to which an answer is sought is as follows: ?Is government intervention against alcoholism an advisable policy in Russia in 1997??

Russia's Emergence
The emergence of the Russian Republic as an international player in its own right has occurred since 1991 (Sachs, 1994, pp. 14-16). With the demise of the Soviet Union, the former Soviet Socialist Republics became politically sovereign nations, among which was the Republic of Russia. Hopes and dreams ran high in.."

From the Paper
"Introduction
This paper presents a case study on conflict management, specifically the experience of the United Nations and other International Government Organizations (IGOs) in the Yugoslav conflict. The purpose of this case study is to describe, analyze and assess a particular conflict situation with a focus on the role played by the United Nations and other IGOs in attempts to manage the conflict and addresses the following specific questions: What is the issue at stake, who are the primary and secondary participants in the conflict, and how are the U.N. and other IGOs involved?

This paper is divided in several parts. The first part provides a historical background on Yugoslavia, prior to the outbreak of the conflict in the past decade. The second part.."

From the Paper
" This paper discusses the U.N. involvement in the Yugoslav conflict. The paper is comprised of two parts. The first part addresses the following questions: What is the issue at stake, and who are the primary and secondary participants in this conflict. The second part discusses how the U.N. and/or other International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) are involved.
The formerly Yugoslav federation was comprised of various ethnic groups, namely the Slovenes, the Croats, the Serbs, and the Bosnians. Yugoslavia exploded when Slovenia and Croatia declared independence on June 25, 1971. The war was the product of a conflict that had numerous dimensions and intractable roots. Consequently, the war has been variously described as one of aggression, of ethic conflict, of civil divisions, or of genocide, depending on who is characterizing the war or which.."

From the Paper
"MARKETING LEVI STRAUSS JEANS IN EASTERN EUROPE
Introduction
This research examines the marketing of Levi Strauss jeans in Eastern Europe. Where practical, the focus within the Eastern European region is placed on Russia and the states of the former Yugoslav federation. The results of this research are presented in seven discussions. These discussions cover company background, market definition, product image, the counterfeiting issue, the Levi Strauss strategy to combat counterfeiting, financial losses attributable to product counterfeiting, and Levi Strauss distribution channels in Eastern Europe.

Company History and Background
The Levi Strauss Company, based in the United States, is a global marketer and a global producer of wearing apparel products..."

From the Paper
"THE COMING OF THE EURO & ITS POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE US$
Background on the Issue
European monetary union has been envisioned since the founding of the European Community (EC). The creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) represented a major step toward eventual monetary union. It was not until the ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht, however, that specific criteria for full participation by an EC member nation in EMU were adopted (?From Here to EMU,? 1995).
Monetary union is a component of the regional integration of nations. The fourth level of such integration is economic union, which includes the adding of monetary and fiscal harmonization among member countries to the common market system. The final level of regional integration, political .."

From the Paper
" In 1926, one of Josef Stalin's favorite writers, Vladimir Zazubrin, wrote what would be the attitude governing land use for much of the history of the Soviet Union:
Let the fragile green breast of Siberia be dressed in the cement armor of cities, armed with the stone muzzles of factory chimneys, and girded with the iron belts of railroads. Let the taiga be burned and felled; let the steppes be trampled. Only in cement and iron can the fraternal union of all peoples, the iron brotherhood of man, be forged (cited by Pearce, 1994, 36).

Russia at the time of the Revolution was a huge but economically backward country, and the new Communist regime sought ways to expand the economy and to do so as quickly as possible. Land use for this regime meant exploiting resources as fully and quickly.."