Abstract This paper presents a discussion about the incident at Tian An Men Square that is often referred to as a massacre. We are taken on an exploratory look at the events leading up to the massacre as well as the event itself. We then discuss the way the event has affected the Chinese people and its society.
Abstract This paper explores the argument that the Tiananmen Square Massacre constituted an international crime and furthermore that it constituted genocide. This paper argues that it was not genocide and that it was not even an international crime, in the sense of a crime that impacts all humanity. Rather, it was a domestic response to a domestic situation. The paper claims that it was certainly a questionable response. However, it was an internal Chinese situation, not an international crime.
From the Paper "It has been argued that the Tiananmen Square Massacre constituted an international crime, and furthermore that it constituted genocide. This paper will argue that it was not genocide, and furthermore that it was not even an international crime, in the sense of a crime that impacts all humanity. Rather, it was a domestic response to a domestic situation. It was certainly a questionable response. However, it was an internal Chinese situation, not an international crime. Furthermore, it was consistent with long-established ways in which the Chinese state has dealt with internal unrest. Punishing China for its ..."
Abstract This paper outlines the history Trafalgar Square and how it came to be, as well as its importance to England's people and politics. The paper explains Trafalgar Square's importance to the layout of the city of London and looks at how one of its original secondary purposes was to be part of a fire break line. Additionally, the paper looks at how Trafalgar Square contributes to the ability of the people to thrive within the city on an ongoing basis. A timeline is included with the paper.
Outline:
The History of Trafalgar Square A Timeline of Trafalgar Square The Battle of Trafalgar
The Idea Behind the Square The Architect
Walking the Square Reinventing Trafalgar
Trafalgar Square Survives Obsolescence
From the Paper "The center of the square houses a large column with a statue of Captain Nelson at the top. The bronze lions surrounding Nelson's column are said to be made from the cannons of the ships the British Fleet captured during the battle (Wikipedia), and, I'm sure, makes it hard for anyone who sits on them to forget where they came from. The square was designed to draw attention to the column with a large area for seating or strolling available. Two fountains with statuary of mermen, mermaids, and dolphins made of bronze (Urban) adorn the square. The fountains were added in 1845 and remodeled in 1939 by Lutyens (Urban)."
Abstract The paper reveals that the Tiananmen Square protest and its suppression meant different things to different people. The paper discusses how some Chinese were dissatisfied by what the Chinese Community Party government had been able to achieve, while some opposed a still oppressive government. The paper discusses how for American and other right-wing Western observers, Tiananmen Square seemed to show a predictable Chinese push for democratic reform, as they were certain that millions who lived in the People's Republic of China (PRC) 'obviously' wanted more freedom. The paper shows how this was not accurate, since demands for civil liberties would drop if the PRC could bring fast economic growth.
Outline:
Introduction
A Democratic Demand?
Tiananmen Square Varied Results
Who were the Demonstrators?
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Communist state's crackdown after the Tiananmen Square gathering of more than one million persons, some of them demanding democratic reforms, caught the interest of many followers of the People's Republic of China (PRC). American and other journalists, along with scholars, assumed that the Chinese had had enough of Communist rule as fitted in with Cold War ideas of democracy and capitalism as inevitable, as people would always want them, and the government that refused democratic reform holding its people back. This paper explains that this was not quite what was shown at Tiananmen Square or in its aftermath of state repression."
Abstract This paper looks at Victory Square Park, a corner of land bordered in between West Hastings and West Pender Street in Vancouver. It examines how the location was once famous for being Vancouver's provincial courthouse which was torn down between 1911 and 1916 and reopened on West Georgia Street in the building now known as the Art Gallery. It discusses how the area is historic in great part because of its location, how it contains the war memorial the Cenotaph and how it was once the heart of the city's financial and legal activity. The paper also includes photos of the Square.
From the Paper "However, the Square is famous for much more than the Cenotaph. It was once the heart of the city's financial and legal activity: the Vancouver curb exchange operated across the road on Hastings Street; the Inns of Court structure, a rather rustic looking building next to what was once called Courthouse Square, was the centre for adjutant legal services; the Oddfellows Hall (now called the Army, Navy and Air Force Veterans Hall) was stationed south of the Inns of Court; most of the city's major banks were headquartered around the Square; the city's shopping district was positioned along nearby Hastings Street; to the south of the Square was the Central School (now Vancouver College); the city's main hospital stood nearby; and before the Courthouse's demolition major newspapers such as The Province, Sun and Dominion were set up around the periphery, though they no longer operate in this location today."
Abstract This paper represents a proposal for research concerning issues to be addressed in the current re-design process for Nathan Phillips Square, the setting for Toronto's City Hall and an iconic work of modern urban architecture. The paper points out that this redesign process is in response to a consensus that has been reached by city politicians and leading civic officials that the existing design of the square was not only flawed in its multiple revisions over time since the original construction, but also no longer reflects the urban vision of 21st century Toronto. The paper concludes that qualitative research methods used to gain insights into the views of neighbours of the space towards the redesign project would be invaluable in determining who would be likely users of the space, how should it operate within the Toronto community, and the most important design elements of the project.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methods
Conclusion
From the Paper "It is clear that in carrying out this research into the redesign of Nathan Phillips Square it would be necessary to consult with a diverse range of stakeholders. One major insight from the literature review is that often one research method is inadequate to fully explore all of the issues involved in a project as complex and politically and socially sensitive as the redesign of Toronto's icon Nathan Phillips Square. Three methods would be particularly effective given the nature of the project: ethnographic/participant analysis, qualitative interviewing, and focus groups."
Tags: urban, architecture, design, public, construction
Abstract This paper deals with the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre in China and its resulting effects on Chinese policy making and politics. The author speculates that perhaps as a result of the events of 1989, the People's Republic of China is fundamentally politically and economically unstable.
From the Paper "In 1989, government corruption and rising inflation caused much of China's population to respond to a student revolt for democracy. This ignited an historically significant confrontation with Chinese Communist Party authorities."
Abstract This paper examines how Henry James' short novel, "Washington Square", presents the story of Catherine, a young woman who lives with her father, a doctor and who is dependent on him for her livelihood. It analyzes how her story represents the plight of women in the nineteenth century, dependent on men and able to escape from one situation only if they find another man to take care of them. It looks at how her choices were limited first by social standing and economic realities and second by decisions made by the paternal figure watching over her before she was betrothed. It evaluates how the novel addresses gender issues James saw in his own time and suggests that women should be given greater freedom. Catherine becomes stronger in the course of the novel and though she remains alone, she has made a choice that is entirely her own, asserting her right to decide how she will live her own life.
From the Paper "The man who courts her is an opportunist, but he is also representative of his time, a man who takes a view of women that was prevalent in the nineteenth century. The role of women in nineteenth-century society was largely subordinate to the male and was also limited to the household to a very great degree. Middle- and upper-class women had an ideal for women, and the perfect woman was one who was devoted to the care and attention of her husband and children. For the unmarried woman, such devotion was to be directed toward a good cause serving the community. Some women were paid for work and had to work to make ends meet, but generally it was considered improper for women of a certain class to earn a living. Women could not vote, involve themselves in politics, or argue with their husbands, and they had no legal rights to possessions or their own children in case of divorce (Bartley and Loxton 29). "
Abstract This paper studies the literary images used by Henry James to portray New York in "Washington Square". It shows how James' perception of New York changed over time, the literary techniques James used to depict New York and the effectiveness of the images used by James. The paper shows the important link between James' use of images and the grand themes he was trying to express.
From the Paper "When discussing morality as applied to Washington Square, an important distinction between the moral code of ethics with The American Scene needs to be made. Whereas in The American Scene there is much evidence to suggest links with the Christian faith directly (such as an allusion to the Beast of the Apocalypse), Washington Square appears to be based on the Republican political ideology towards religion rather than a direct appreciation of religion itself. There is a triangular structure with the main characters that is inherent in many of James? novels and tends to produce morality-based themes: the heiress, the fortune hunter and the protecting father. Dr Sloper is a man of intelligence, a Rappuccini of sorts, who espouses scientific objectivity and empirical observation however irrelevant to the moral situation that kind of rightness may be."
Abstract This paper explains that China remains an enigma, isolated from the Western world and shrouded in mystery conceptualized by the Communist Red. Nonetheless, the Tiananmen Square massacre was a watershed in Chinese history and has had an enormous impact on China's foreign and domestic policy. The author points out that, since the massacre, the Unites States and the United Nations have attempted to assert power over China's ability to change their policies toward human rights. The paper relates that the people of China and their supporters worldwide will continue to fight together to expel the totalitarian regime-ruling people by terror-out of China and replace it with a free republic.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Event Profile
Aftermath
United Nations Role
Conclusion
From the Paper "The massacre began June 4, 1989 as a peaceful demonstration by students "urging Chinese leaders to allow a more open, democratic society" and ended as one of Chinese history's worst moments. "Leveling their AK-47 assault rifles, the soldiers began firing away at the mobs. The gas tanks of commandeered buses exploded. Huge streams of people fled in terror past blazing trees" for safety. Later the mayhem spread into the streets of Beijing neighborhoods. The shooting filled the air as the troops wounded and killed innocent sleeping people. The city continued to erupt through out the night as "hospitals reported receiving scores of dead and hundreds or even thousands of wounded. When the government radio announced that 1,000 had died, the station's personnel were quickly removed and no further death toll was broadcast." It appears the Chinese government raced to cover up this event quickly as it was circulated that many bodies were being trucked away to be cremated so a real count could never be known."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at the events leading up to the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989. In addition to the history of these dramatic events, the writer also discusses the effects with regards to China's economy and the politics of the country.
From the Paper "When one seeks to study a certain country, its culture and its people, it is advisable not only to look at hard data such as population growth and economic status. The general consciousness of a people is hard to define and understand. How is it possible to quantify and recognize the collective hopes and fears of an entire nation? It might be possible to measure such a thing when taking into account the mundane facts of everyday life, but occasionally a nation will host a dramatic event that will change not only the consciousness of the entire country, but also its economic and political policies.
Abstract The paper looks at the issue of human rights surrounding the massacre at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China in 1989. The paper analyzes how the student's grief, due to the passing of Hu Yaobang, the party general secretary, led to this peaceful demonstration and examines how the student's quest for human rights was inspired by Gorbachev's visit to China.
From the Paper "Chinese students led a peaceful demonstration in Tiananmen Square for seven weeks. The events that led to the demonstration were sparked by the death of Hu Yaobang, the party general secretary. Yaobang was favored by youth in China because he was considered to be more open to their ideals, unlike others within the political realm. However, Yaobang was forced to resign because of this support by China's leader, Deng Xiopeng. Within a short time after his withdrawal from government, Yoabang was dead, and in April of 1989 Chinese students were united in mourning for the man that they had considered their only hope to reform the Chinese government. In May of 1989 Soviet leader Mikihal Gorbachev visited China, and his position on transforming communists governments was inspirational to these students."
Abstract This paper reviews the articles "What a Good Idea! Ideologies and Frames in Social Movements Research" by Pamela E. Oliver and "Agonism in Academic Discourse" Deborah Tannen. The paper then goes on to take these two schools of thought and relates it to the Tiananmen Squares Massacre of 1989.
From the Paper "The Tiananmen Square Massacre was the result of student protests during the summer of 1989. A group of Chinese students and activists for democratic change within the People's government started a series of demonstrations that stretched for almost four years (Derbyshire, npg). The demonstration centered in Tiananmen Square in Beijing which stopped traffic as well as normal public activity within the central area of Chinese governmental operations. Although the protestors were supposed nonviolent, they often taunted soldiers, government officials and anyone who was not taking active part in the protest. The resulting crackdown on the protestors by the PRC government left as many as two to three thousand Chinese civilians dead (Derbyshire, npg). The group that made up the protestors were disparate in nature, they ranged from intellectuals who argued that the Communist party was too corrupt and repressive to the culture of China, to urban works and college socialists who were protesting against China's economic reforms which had led to rampant inflation and widespread unemployment."
Abstract This paper discusses possible definitions for the term "urban" as it is used in urban studies. The paper particularly focuses on the term in relation to Toronto. The paper shows how Canada has tried to solve the debate of the definition of "urban," by creating definitions based on population size and population density. It discusses the pros and cons of such a definition and provides examples to illustrate the points made.
From the Paper "The perfect example of this argument is the Dundas Square
in Toronto. This public space was built in response to economic, political and social relationships that had developed in that area of Toronto. As a result a physical space was constructed that was a symbolic representation of these relationships. After the space was built new social, economic and political relationships were established in and around this space. This included new businesses, a different use of the space itself and a number of other activities that did not occur in this area before Dundas Square was built."
Abstract This essay talks about a linear regression model in ordinary least squares regression, the problems that may arise in an OLS model and how it can be fixed through generalised least squares. Generalised Least Squares (GLS) regression is used when problems occur in OLS estimation. The paper includes graphs and formulae supporting the analysis.
From the Paper "Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression is a common tool used for economic forecasting when analysing time series and cross-sectional data. It is quite common as it is one of the easiest ways of estimating parameters in a simple or multiple regression model. Generalised Least Squares (GLS) regression is used when problems occur in OLS estimation. Such problems will cause are estimators to no longer be the Best Linear Unbiased Estimate (BLUE) or efficient and so it is necessary to use a transformed model. In this essay I will show how both OLS and GLS are derived through equations and discuss the problems that may occur under OLS estimation and why it is more suitable to use GLS to estimate a linear model when certain problems occur."
Tags: generalised, least, ordinary, economics, formula
