Abstract The paper shows how Napoleon failed to match Britain's economic policies of a sound currency, direct taxation of the rich, naval power and a consolidated national bank. It shows that the army drained the French economy, so taxes rose and hyperinflation took place. This led to mass unemployment and high bread prices after the 1811 harvest. As confidence waned, the bourgeoisie deserted Napoleon, and the country was in disarray. Napoleon was a military genius who was far ahead of his counterparts in the early 1800?s. However, his opponents modernized their military strategies and brought themselves up to his level. The paper shows that Napoleon allowed the French economy to stagnate while being shored up by short term finances stemming from military victories. Ultimately, this greatly contributed to the collapse of the Empire and Napoleon's eventual defeat.
From the Paper "Financial issues played a major part in the conflicts and developments of the 18th and 19th centuries. Sound fiscal policy was the key to whether a nation could feed its people and supply its armed forces. Finance, and tax in particular, had been significant in bringing down the ancien regime in France. J.R Stephenson described Chartism as "a knife and fork question, a bread and cheese question" and there is certainly much truth in the assumption that radical feelings and societal insecurity are at their greatest during times of economic depression. Therefore a sound economy was paramount for a prosperous and harmonious nation."
Abstract This paper examines immigration, particularly recent immigration, to the city of Toronto. It includes statistical analysis of immigration trends in Canada and Toronto, as well as fieldwork into the presence of immigrants in the High Park neighborhood of Dundas Street and Roncesvalles Avenue.
Abstract This paper is written about a principal intersection of Toronto's now traditional Chinatown area. This district has a timeless quality about it, in a bustling street life that might be found in a Chinese working-class district of San Francisco or perhaps, a Chinese enclave in a Malaysian coastal town, as easily as in Toronto.
Abstract This paper addresses the Dundas-Spadina Neighbourhood Community's response to the 2004 hydro blackout, in an EPPlan geared to helping Canadian Chinese and other elders. It looks at how in 2004, this sector proved the most endangered and also the most independent and indifferent to significant health risks. An interventionist, volunteer effort is described in relation to official commentary on the crisis, and media coverage, plus notes on cultural inclusions.
From the Paper "To Whom It May Concern: This submission refers to the Dundas-Spadina Neighbourhood Committee's intended Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP), for situations of power Blackout as experienced in the Greater Toronto Area during the summer of 2003. The area to which the DSNC refers is known to most Torontonians, and remains small enough that an informal, largely local, response can be effective. Please note that the EPP is evolving with the greatest onus on workers within the Neighbourhood Committee. Its central focus is the area's elderly Canadian Chinese population."
Abstract This paper discusses possible definitions for the term "urban" as it is used in urban studies. The paper particularly focuses on the term in relation to Toronto. The paper shows how Canada has tried to solve the debate of the definition of "urban," by creating definitions based on population size and population density. It discusses the pros and cons of such a definition and provides examples to illustrate the points made.
From the Paper "The perfect example of this argument is the Dundas Square
in Toronto. This public space was built in response to economic, political and social relationships that had developed in that area of Toronto. As a result a physical space was constructed that was a symbolic representation of these relationships. After the space was built new social, economic and political relationships were established in and around this space. This included new businesses, a different use of the space itself and a number of other activities that did not occur in this area before Dundas Square was built."
