Abstract This paper studies 20th century Jewish art, focusing on signs of ethnicity. Works are analyzed for evidence of explicit ethnicity and references to 20th century Jewish history. The paper looks at the work of Moritz Oppenheim, the works of European Jewish artists, Max Beckmann's picture entitled "The Synagogue" and Israeli art. It also touches on Jewish theatre and folk stories and explores Jewish ethnicity in U.S. artists. It concludes with a summary of the transformation of Jewish art over the 20th century.
From the Paper "The process of acknowledging, gathering, reviewing, researching, and elucidating Jewish art, was initiated around a hundred years ago, as it continues to date. The basic purpose behind studying the Jewish Art was to safeguard the ethnic legacy of the nation, and to sustain a promising resource for the revitalization of Jewish lifestyle. Be it in the customary, ceremonial, or conventional perspective, the Jewish art history is noteworthy to understand the future of Jewish works of art."
From the Paper The French Republic has been threatened most directly in this century by domestic conservative forces. Three major confrontations demonstrating this fact can be identified as the Dreyfus Affair, the Cartel des Gauches in the early 1920s, and the Popular Front in 1934. These three incidents can be seen as evidence that the Republic at the time was radical and was courting a radical political agenda.
The Dreyfus affair involved the false accusation, trial, and imprisonment of Alfred Dreyfus for having supposedly revealed certain military secrets to Germany. One of the most troubling aspects of the Dreyfus affair was the possibility that it involved anti-Semitism, for Dreyfus was Jewish. The degree of anti-Semitism involved has been argued for some time. The affair began with an error on the part of a military court when it
Abstract The essential question addressed by this paper concerns the suffering, both physical and psychic, of Zola's primary characters and how they were transferred to the screen by a trio of important French directors.
From the Paper "The translation of any work of literature into another medium, even one apparently so closely aligned with the written word as film, is always a chancy proposition. While literature and film focus themselves on the same targets within the minds of their audiences; that of completing an organic connection between the conception and the reception of an idea, the very natures of the two disciplines demand different things of the person who is reading or watching the material. As exciting and enveloping as the best film experience may be, it is still, in its essence a passive experience; every action is already determined, ?painted,? and set in celluloid by the filmmaker."
Abstract This paper looks at the setting and political backdrop behind the 1886 arrest of French Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus for passing on documents to the German army. It examines how he was was arrested, not allowed to have contact with anyone outside the prison, pressured into a false confession, court-martialed behind closed doors, and convicted. It looks at the attempts to prove him innocent, including those of prominent journalist Emil Zola, and how he was eventually acquitted and returned from Devil's Island in 1896.
From the Paper "Still determined to protect their reputation instead of promoting the truth, the military charged Zola with the very serious French crime of ?slandering the military.? (Editor, 1998) Zola was found guilty, and he was sentenced to a year in jail (Staff writers, 2004). He managed to escape to England and thus avoid going to jail, and continued his campaign from there to free Dreyfus (Editor, 1998). As the efforts of the military cover-up became more and more obvious, intellectuals around the world spoke out for Zola, who had previously criticized the French press for their anti-Semitism (Editor, 1998). At this point the Dreyfus affair had become completely politicized with Royalists, military and nationalist factions all taking one stand, with Republicans, socialists and anti-clerical groups on the other side (Staff writers, 2004)."
Abstract This paper discusses the United States' foreign policy and how it dealt with the Middle East in an effort to end communism. It shows how the United States, in the past, has taken a realist approach to its foreign policy, and has aided Islam and some Middle Eastern countries. The paper discusses how, in some instances, the United States has aided terrorist networks.
From the Paper "The United States and the world of radical Islam through the twentieth century was full of covert and overt operations, through which the United States' exercised its' foreign policy through the Realist framework. The U.S. used this Realist framework by promoting American national interest, promoting the capitalist class interest, and promoting the Judeo-Christian way of life."
"The book Devil's Game by Robert Dreyfuss, gives a heads up on how America used political Islam to promote American national interest. According to Dreyfuss, America and the National Security State (NSS) used outlets such as the Muslim Brotherhood to achieve goals associated with American beliefs. The Muslim Brotherhood is a Sunni Islamic movement founded by Hassan al-Banna. Dreyfuss also says, "supporting, and financing the Muslim Brotherhood would forever entangle the United States with fundamentalist Islam." The Muslim Brotherhood was a strong force to have as an ally; in 1947 there were twenty-five branches of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine alone."
