Abstract This paper examines one particular chemical, dopamine, to determine its role in the regulation of mood, as well as its effects in cases of chemical imbalance. This paper is intended to provide a scientific look at the molecule. Several scientific tests are examined and cited. The author, in examining dopamine, also covers a wide variety of related topics, including alcohol and drug addiction.
From the Paper " Feeling well is important to everyone. Countless books, lectures, and small groups exist only to help people feel good about themselves. The state of happiness is controlled by many different factors, some that are external to an individual, and some that are internal. External factors would be any of those that occur outside of the individual, such as career related stress, status of relationships, and even the realization of some goal or accomplishment. Internally, or biologically, there are also many things that influence happiness and well-being. These biological factors can respond to external stimuli, or in the case of chemical imbalances, have configurations that are not controlled by any stimuli, but seem to act on their own. "
Tags: analyze, biology, chemistry, dopamine, medical, neurotransmitter, science, test
Abstract This paper discusses the role dopamine plays in pleasure and motivation, thinking, schizophrenia, psychosis and Parkinson's Disease, all of which are related to insufficient or overabundance of dopamine in the brain. L-Dopa and its role in crossing the blood-brain barrier is also briefly mentioned.
From the Paper "Dopamine is a chemical compound found in the brains of all humans, produced naturally by the body. It is a neurotransmitter produced by the hypothalamus and plays a major role in several important physiological and psychological aspects of human development. Dopamine has at least five different receptors and four major pathways through the brain, all of which indicate different functions in the body (Blum; "Dopamine"). This paper will look at some of those functions and roles that dopamine plays, and discuss some of the more important aspects in psychological development and pathology. One of the more recently understood roles of dopamine is that it plays an important role in the creation of desire and motivation, the wanting something or wanting to do something, not just sexual desire, although it does affect that as well. "
Abstract The paper analyzes dopamine's chemical application and explains the neurochemistry aspects of the brain. The paper looks at recent drugs that act upon dopamine receptors to inhibit sleep and examines their cost and effectiveness.
Outline:
Role of Dopamine in Human Sleep/Wake Cycle
Chemical Application of Dopamine Recent Drugs that Act upon Dopamine Receptors to Inhibit Seep
Cost and Effectiveness
From the Paper "Dopamine is a biogenic amine, catecholamine (an amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine, hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the CNS (Central Nervous System) to manage and/or organize emotion, cardiovascular, hormonal, renal, locomotion and cognitive processes. Dopamine was discovered by two great scientists: Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Ake Hillarp at a Heart Laboratory in Sweden. Arvid Carlsson won a Pulitzer Prize for his discovery. Dopamine is synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain as this controls every endocrine gland in the body. Many changes occur in the neurotransmitter levels of the brain, which evolves wake/sleep cycles."
A review of Bruce G. Mockett's report "Dopamine D1/D5 Receptor Activation Fails to Initiate an Activity-Independent Late-Phase LTP in Rat Hippocampus".
Abstract This paper reviews and discusses a report by Bruce G. Mockett on research that focused on some key issues of the problem of the dopamine system. The paper describes the purpose of the research, theoretical assumptions underlying the research, the methods used in the research, the main findings of the research and its contributions.
From the Paper "As it is well known catecholamines play an important role in the regulation of the vital functions. Understanding the mechanisms of the neuromodulation is a crucial point for the modern psychopharmacology, behavioral sciences, neurophysiology. One of the most urgent questions is clarification of the cellular mechanisms of the principal mental functions: memory, cognition and emotions. Explanations for multiple receptors with similar ligand specificity include subtype-specific differences in distribution or developmental expression (Lezcano N., Bergson C., 2002). Thus, dopamine transmission is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors. They mark them out into five groups: D1-like (D1 and D5 subtypes) and D2-like (D2-D4 subtypes). The D1 subtype is the most prevalent dopamine receptor in brain. Recent researches gave evidence that the D1-like receptors take part in modulating motor, cognitive and reward behavior is well established. There is evidence that D1-like receptors can modulate various forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in the various cerebral structures including neocortex, hippocampus and striatum."
Abstract This paper explains that it is important to recognize how the more known and dangerous drugs influence neurochemistry. For example, heroin increases the release of dopamine by increasing the firing of dopamine neurons. The postsynaptic neuronal receptors are then inundated to levels far higher than normal; therefore, heroin usage is associated with the feelings of mood elevation and euphoria. The author points out that drug and alcohol metabolites, which are residual substances of drugs that remain during the drug and alcohol metabolism that takes place in the liver, are implicated in problems during withdrawal, remission, and craving. The paper recommends that treatment modalities should include pharmacotherapeutic as well as psychological and emotional support structures, including family involvement and 12-step programs such as AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous) and CA (Cocaine Anonymous).
From the Paper "From the above therefore, a new motivational perspective of drug abuse emerges. It can be classified as two fold: extreme motivational strength and extreme motivational toxicity. Motivational strength is associated with the extent to which addiction can replace other basic motivations such as food, sex and the need to maintain a career. Motivational strength is also associated with to what lengths an addict will go to procure drugs. The psychosocial ramifications (as mentioned above) are a consequence of motivational strength. Motivational toxicity, on the other hand, can be defined by how it can be disruptive. Cocaine affects the user differently than heroin and methamphetamines. Typically, addiction can be towards anything. Most people are addicted to mild sedatives, cigarettes (though some aver that it is more addictive than cocaine), coffee, shopping, chocolate and gambling. Any of these addictions can be measured based on motivational strength and motivational toxicity."
A neurobiological essay focusing on the biogenic amine reward pathways and biogenic amines, namely those of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
Abstract The paper looks at the anatomical origins of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline and their associated pathways, as well as the basic anatomy of the limbic system and its associated structures. The essay then goes on to explain that our brain is structured such that certain environmental stimuli can cause us to have positive or negative reinforcing experiences based on how our neurochemicals react in response to the situation. The reward pathways in our brain help to determine much of our everyday behaviour, whether it may be the urge to eat, the drive to have sex or the addiction associated with mind-altering drugs. As such, we must receive appropriate stimulation and positive reward in order to function as individuals and be happy, or we are at risk of a reward deficiency resulting in negative emotions such as sadness or depression. There is also a discussion of how addictive behavior can be due to positive reward systems which have a very strong influence on the way we act.
From the Paper "Happiness and sadness are two primary human emotions, and whilst more often than not caused as a result of external stimuli, they are largely determined by neurobiological processes that occur in the brain ? namely that of biogenic amine reward pathways. We have to stimulate these pathways adequately every day if we are to function well mentally, physically and emotionally. The experience of emotion is integral to who we are as humans. Darwin (1872 in Ekman, 1973) defined emotion as essential to the welfare of group-living species. Without emotion, we would be unable to be attracted to one another, reproduce, or interact socially, amongst other things. Emotions also have distinct motivational properties (Izard, 1971) and understandably, the reward system and its close association with pleasure plays a large part in determining our actions. "Pleasure is unquestionably a key factor in controlling the motivated behaviours of humans." (Kandel et. al., 2000 p.1007) Emotions are known to lead to specific behavioural patterns that determine the way in which we live our lives and influence the experience of consequent emotions, for example, happiness or sadness."
This paper discusses internet gaming addition focusing on three genre: MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games), RTBS (Real-Time Battle Strategy) and FPS (First Person Shooters).
Abstract This paper explains that, when someone thinks of an addiction, internet gaming doesn't generally come to mind first but it is dangerous. The author points out that some of the indications of addition are worsening school grades or work performance, becoming obsessed or preoccupied with being on the game even when not connected to the internet and choosing to play video games over socializing with friends. The paper relates that MMORPGs are crafted to reward quickly the player in the beginning, allowing the player to level up in a very short amount of time, quickly developing talents and skills thus increasing the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with addictions.
From the Paper "My roommate, Jason, has suffered from addictions to multiple games, including "Red Alert 2", a RTBS, "Counter-Strike: Source", a FPS, and most recently "World of WarCraft," a MMORPG. Each game is completely different, and very involved, requiring months to learn how to be a good player. During the time in which Jason was addicted to Red Alert 2, he would play over the networks against only one or two different people. He wasn't playing for the social aspect, rather, just for the rush he got from winning. At the time when he was addicted, he was working the graveyard shift as a security guard, from midnight to eight in the morning. His girlfriend at the time was working full time, as well, nine in the morning until five in the afternoon. As such, they had very little time to spend together. Almost an hour in the morning, and only a few hours in the evening, Jason spent this time on Red Alert 2."
Tags:dopamine, alert, warcraft, indications, health
Abstract This paper presents a research proposal and the final paper that explores the impact of serotonin, dopamine and GABA on impulse control disorders. The paper emphasizes the interactive nature of these three neural transmitters. The paper provides evidence that chemical imbalances in the brain can significantly disrupt or destroy the basic biological ability to control impulsive behaviors. The paper also shows how all research supports the interactive nature of the neuro-chemical basis of behavior.
From the Paper "Literature from leading physician researchers on impulse related behaviors such as aggression, violence or addictive behaviors such as compulsive gambling states a stronger link exists between serotonin deficits and impulse dyscontrol than previously thought. Even fewer studies have studied adults with conduct disorders that are represented in the comprehensive literature review provided in the research paper. Other studies represented seek to demonstrate the effects of serotonin and the link between serotonin and both dopamine and GABA such that when there is a deficit in serotonin, deficits coexist in the other two."
Abstract This paper examines looks at the European and American methods of diagnosing Borderline Personality Disorder. The author covers several areas including it's definition, symptoms, history and possible reasons for its occurrence. Particular attention is paid to the knowledge that it is one of the most controversial diagnoses in psychology, and what affect this has had on anyone seeking treatment for this disorder.
From the Paper "These people have a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. They have a markedly and persistently unstable self-image; recurrent self mutilating or suicidal behavior, gestures or threats and chronic feelings of emptiness. They have difficult controlling anger, and show inappropriate, intense anger. They Transient, stress related paranoid ideation or severe disassociate symptoms. Borderline personality is usually accompanied by "symptom disorders" such as eating disorder, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual tension, dissociative disorder or anxiety disorder."
Abstract This paper looks at the imbalance of dopamine in neurological disorders and attempts to explain why they occur and the treatments that are used to combat them. It also examines how it is specific to disorders caused by imbalances in dopamine levels such as schizophrenia.
From the Paper "Antagonism of dopamine receptors leads to interference with normal functioning of these pathways, bringing about unwanted side effects as well as the desired antipsychotic effect. By dopaminergic antagonism (blocking the dopamine receptor sites) of the mesolimbic mesocortical pathway it is thought that typical neuroleptics exert their antipsychotic effects. The side effects of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic inhibition are sedation and impaired performance."
Abstract This paper discusses the genetic model developed at Harvard to study this type of Hereditary Parkinsonism and proposes methods to design experiments, which can be performed towards finding a possible cure.
From the Paper "Alpha-synuclein is a 15-20KD protein, which has been shown in the cytosolic aggregates of Lewy body and dopamine positive cells in a rare dominant form of familial Parkinsons disease. The gene responsible is found to localize on human chromosome 4q21-q23.
Though this form of parkinsonism is DOPA treatment responsive, the work by the authors is a step in search of a complete cure and of a preventive measure if it can be designed using the transgenic fly. The usage of genetic fly can be of paramount importance in delineating the basic pathogenetic mechanism underlying the disease."
From the Paper "THC has a range of physiological and psychological effects on the body. Typically, it produces a mild euphoric intoxication, a sense of well-being, alterations in sense of space and time. Quite likely, THC reduces anxiety and relaxes your tension while it intensifies your sense of sound, touch ,or taste, which often stimulates your appetite. It is suspected that THC has something to do with the Lateral Hypothalamus that control the appetite. For this reason, marijuana is employed as an appetite stimulant for patients with serious illnesses such as AIDS or terminal cancer who need to eat in order to survive. In addition, marijuana is also medically beneficial for pain relief, control of nausea and the treatment of asthma and glaucoma."
Abstract This paper takes a look at cocaine abuse and how it effects the individual. The author looks at what cocaine is composed of, its short-term and long- term effects and how it effects the brain.
From the Paper "Although it is known that cocaine became popular on the street, especially in big cities of the United States in the1970s and 1980s, it has a fairly long history. In fact, cocoa leaves (raw ingredient for cocaine production) have been used for more than five thousand years as a mild stimulant by some South American tribes. In the middle of the 19th century, cocaine was first extracted from cocoa leaves in South America. In the U. S., it was legal and widely used as an ingredient in medicines. Cocaine was introduced as an ingredient of Coca-Cola in 1888, though it was removed and replace with another stimulant, caffeine, in 1903. Today, cocaine is completely illegal in the U.S. except for medical uses such as a local anesthetic."
Abstract In this paper the author looks at various explosive disorders suffered by children and the symptoms that they demonstrate. In particular the author looks at intermittent explosive disorder, defiant disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, bipolar disorder and Tourette's syndrome. The author moves on to discuss what the warning signals are and how adults can help child sufferers.
From the paper:
"Explosive behaviors in these children are hard for adults to understand. Many parents assume that the child is deliberately provoking them. On examination this view doesn"t hold up to scrutiny. It doesn?t seem likely that a child is thinking clearly when in the middle of a raging meltdown, and it seems unlikely that a child would choose to act in a way that makes both him and those he loves most extremely unhappy.?
Abstract This paper is an analysis of an article by John Carey and Ellen Licking, "The Stem-Cell Debate Just Got Thornier" that appeared in the February 11, 2002 issue of "Business Week." The paper uses information from the article to define stem cells, and to give an overview of the debate over research using human embryos. The issue of virtual embryos and some of the controversial issues surrounding the possible use of any of this research to cure many diseases such as Parkinson's, leukemia or the regeneration of lost limbs.
From the Paper "Stem cells are present in the early stages of embryonic development, and have the ability to develop into any other sort of cell. This makes them useful tools in healing degenerative diseases where extra heart, brain, or other cells are needed. Until recent developments, it was believed these cells could only be harvested from human embryos, which sparked a great deal of ethical debate. Many people believe that human life begins before birth, and do not approve of the idea of grinding up little humans and injecting their cells into sick adults. Federal research money is given only to programs that use existing cell lines and forbids harvesting new stem cells. Cloning is also in line to be chopped, which will further prevent scientists from creating "bred for the slaughter" embryos from which to harvest identical stem cells for their patients."
