Abstract The paper explains the term "Big Stick Diplomacy", which refers to President Roosevelt's administration's foreign policy. The paper describes how Roosevelt metaphorically used his big stick on several occasions, particularly in Latin America. The paper then discusses President William Taft's "DollarDiplomacy" that describes the United States' efforts to use money in the form of loans to countries in Latin America and East Asia to further US aims. The paper compares the leadership of both presidents and asserts that while Roosevelt prevented wars using creative tactics and mediated disputes between foreign nations to sustain peace and protect U.S. interests, Taft just used economic power to manipulate foreign relations.
From the Paper "President Theodore Roosevelt felt, throughout his entire political career that being well-prepared for a conflict was the United States' best strategy as a preventative measure to avoid war. His belief, taken from the African proverb, "speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far," summarizes his leadership (Abrams, 1978). Forcing the United States to flaunt its power was, in his mind, the most effective way to keep other countries from attacking. Simply carrying the big stick without using it would hopefully be enough to discourage their challenges. The media helped to hype this statement coining the term Big Stick Diplomacy to refer to his administration's foreign policy. Political cartoons during his presidency often depicted Roosevelt with a large object, usually a club or stick, swinging it at others to force them into submission with mere threat."
Abstract This paper explains that, until the 1940s, Latin America was an economic "free zone" for the U.S., zealously guarded by the Monroe Doctrine, which was established in 1823, at a time when most Latin American nations were first tasting the freedom of their own statehood. The author points out that the determination of the U.S. to control commerce than the completion of the Panama Canal and the seizure of Panamanian lands to form a U.S. Canal Zone is the single most event to demonstrate American exploitation. The paper relates that "DollarDiplomacy" still exists today; but, the first-third of this century saw a far more one-sided, brazen and opportunistic means of finding legal ways to get economic advantages because American businessmen, in combination with the State Department, looked upon Latin Americans as not trustworthy, not competent and certainly not the equal of the "democratic" Americans.
From the Paper "Central America became the domain of agricultural enterprises, such as United Fruit and Standard Fruit Company. They literally "owned" and "ran" Nicaragua and Guatemala. Despite uprisings- the most serious occurred in 1930, where" a dozen Standard Fruit employees were killed, including eight Americans,...and the company begged for American intervention." A naval ship was sent to the scene, but the rebels had already gone. As Uncle Sam has positioned himself as the bringer of democracy to Latin America, so the American companies have followed the diplomats (or even preceded them) in order to have "the whip hand in negotiations with local governments, and the resulting foreign investments have brought fewer and fewer benefits to the host country.""
Abstract This paper examines how the main focus of niche diplomacy, as its name implies, is that of selecting specific "niches", which a nation's foreign policy will follow. It gives an overview of niche diplomacy; its definition, importance and examples of this diplomacy from history around the world. It uses the Canadian diplomacy as a case study and reviews argumentative essays around this topic, mainly the collection of argumentative essays titled "International Relations In The Post Cold War Era" by Evan H. Potter.
From the Paper "Smith then points out three limitations of niche diplomacy. These limitations are: Firstly, the vagueness of niche criteria combined with the lack of a clear method of niche inception, as well as there being no clear definition of when a niche ceases to exist; secondly, that there is an elitist element at the hart of niche diplomacy; and thirdly, that the policy of niche diplomacy with its over-focus on economics legitimizes what Smith defines as, "balance sheet diplomacy" (Smith 172). Smith then suggests that these limitations contribute significantly to the widening of the commitment-credibility gap, which niche diplomacy is supposed to narrow."
Abstract This paper examines the use of media to further public diplomacy. It defines public diplomacy and how it promotes the national interests of a country. The recent use of television and the World Wide Web by governments in the area of public diplomacy is also explored.
From the Paper " Public diplomacy deals with the ways the citizens of one country communicate their national personality and goals to other countries. It attempts to promote the national interests of one country through understanding ..."
Abstract This paper explores the pros and cons of war versus diplomacy. The author argues that skilled diplomacy could have avoided the US entry into World War II, as well as other major military conflicts. The paper further states that defeat of an opponent ought not to be the ultimate aim in a conflict. Achieving long-term goals in international relations are more important and possible through diplomacy rather than by violent means such as military action.
From the Paper " The period between 1930 and 1956 was probably the most turbulent era in recent human history. It saw the start and end of the Great Depression that destroyed the economies of most of the industrial world at one time; witnessed the rise of expansionist fascist powers in Europe and the Far-East resulting in probably the bloodiest conflict in human history; the gradual change of the US foreign policy from isolationism to intervention in the Second World War; the victory of the Allies over the Axis powers; the emergence of the US and the USSR as the two major world powers and the start of almost half a century of a Cold War between them, besides the American involvement in the eventually stalemated Korean War."
Tags: conflict, resolution, diplomacy, military, intervention, war, World, War, II
Abstract An essay which analyzes the ineffectiveness of Australia's 'megaphone diplomacy' under John Howard in dealing with the refugees and asylum seekers issue particularly with its largest neighbor, Indonesia. It also suggests a more appropriate formula for Australia to establish better relationships with Indonesia after the East Timor crises.
From the Paper "In analysing the effect of "megaphone diplomacy" to Australia-Indonesia relations and to Australian engagement with the region, Kevin's statement that "a country's foreign policy succeeds if its political leaders have a clear understanding of their country's national interests and place in the world, so that they may set appropriate foreign policy goals; and if its diplomats are trained and resourced to carry out their specialist tasks of analysis and representation" could be used as the consideration. Based on his experience while serving as Australian diplomat in many Asian countries, Kevin also states that in most of the Asian regions, economic rationalism is not the dominant value system. There remains a large place for courtesy, for accommodating differences, for breaking bread together, for helping the needy, for recognising abiding values of family and friendship."
Abstract This paper reviews the role of the U.S. state department in deploying the public diplomacy program nationally and world wide. According to this paper, the most prevalent opinion that seems to be held worldwide is that the United States is a domineering global superpower fueled by greed and bent on conquest.
From the Paper "What is Public Diplomacy? Public diplomacy is the method by which the United States government seeks to create an image in the eyes of the citizens of other countries. According to the U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations Terms, "public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio, and television" (cited in United States Information Agency Alumni Association [USIAAA] 2002, par. 8). This term was first used in 1965, when the Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy was established at Tufts University (USIAAA 2002, par. 11). The USIAAA states that some sources equate public diplomacy with propaganda. Although both forms of communication are intended to persuade people, propaganda generally has a negative connotation of "disinformation" (2002, par. 12)."
Abstract The paper presents a thorough examination of the causes of the weak U.S. dollar and a discussion of both the pros and cons of the current Bush dollar policy. The paper questions what the dollar policy of the Bush Administration should be. After understanding the effects of the dollar policy, the paper shows that the administration should promote a stable dollar through increased fiscal discipline. This would show the world that the U.S. is not pushing its debt problems on them, eliminating the uncertainty of currency markets. With a stable dollar policy, the U.S. could improve the domestic economy, while no longer economically alienating the rest of the world.
From the Paper "Former presidents George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Jackson may not have had similar leadership strategies, but each were powerful figures of American history. Their contributions to the development of the United States helped it become the most powerful nation in the world, and today their involvement is acknowledged, as portraits of each grace a form of American currency. Their pictures symbolize American history and, more importantly, power. While the United States continues to hold a central role in global markets, its hegemony is increasingly threatened. The decline in value of the US dollar over the last three years may be symbolic of dwindling American dominance, thus the fall of the dollar is being closely examined. Many countries feel the US lives beyond its means. A weak US dollar helps boost US exports, in effect decreasing trade deficits by allowing the world to buy American debt. The current administration provides meaningless sound bites to the media, proclaiming publicly that it wants a strong currency while quietly allowing the dollar to decline. Other domestic policies seem to promote the idea that America is doing little to promote a strong dollar, such as an expanding defense budget and calls for social security reform. If the US continues to show such disregard for foreign opinion, the results may be devastating."
Abstract This paper considers ten articles regarding dollarization. It explores the effects of official and unofficial dollarization. The author discusses problems with the de facto dollarization of economies. The paper explains three types of dollarization. The author concludes with a discussion on the political dimensions of dollarization, and other issues.
From the Paper "Dollarization occurs when a country either formally or informally uses another country's currency rather than its domestic currency as the primary medium of exchange. Informally individual businesses or citizens ..."
Abstract This paper explores the U.S. dollar and the effects of its devaluation. The paper also argues the pros and cons of a weak dollar and examines measures the U.S. government and consumer can take to slow or prevent the the dollar's decline.
From the Paper "Since the beginning of advanced civilization, trade and economy has revolved around currency. Currency provides a uniform medium for the exchange of goods and services, and facilitates economic activity. As world economies become more and more reliant upon each other, the difference in valuation of national currencies becomes increasingly important in projecting markets. For the purposes of this paper, I will explore why the United States dollar has fallen recently in the context of macroeconomics, and identify the advantages and disadvantages of a "strong" national currency."
Abstract This paper discusses the company mission statement, vision, and strategic issues of the Family Dollar stores. The author points out the significance of these new types of merchandisers. The paper considers strategy alternatives and recommendation at Family Dollar stores.
From the Paper "While so-called big box retailers, such as Best Buy, Home Depot and Wal-Mart, have received much attention in recent years and have in someways changed retailing in the United States, another significant shift has been underway among smaller retailers, who offer general merchandise. These so-called dollar stores offer merchandise that rarely exceeds a few dollars in price on a per-unit level and considerable inroads have been made by companies such as the Cent Store Big Lots and Family Dollar. The strategy behind these ..."
Tags: Family Dollar, strategic planning, mission statement, vision statement
Abstract This ten page undergraduate paper examines newspaper commentary on the value fluctuations of the Canadian dollar. The paper discusses how the commentaries tended to focus not only on the exchange rate and its shifts, but on the various reasons why these fluctuations were occurring. The paper explains that at times the commentaries dealt with immediate causes of Canadian dollar value changes, while at other times a more extended assessment was given which focused on longer-term influences and trends.
From the Paper "In tracking the changing value of the Canadian dollar between January 24 and March 11, 2005, it is evident that the fluctuation was generally confined within a range of five-cents. The lowest difference between the Canadian and U.S. dollars was reached at the end of this recording cycle, when the difference was .2040 on 11 March. The highest difference was seen one week into the recording cycle when the difference was .2566 on 7 February. During this seven-week period, the average difference between the Canadian and American dollars was .2351."
Abstract This paper explores the devaluation of the US dollar and its relationship to foreign currencies. The author presents two possible outcomes for this situation, one foreseeing dire consequences and the other seeing it as nothing alarming. The devaluation is considered in terms of developing nations linking their currency inflation rates to the US dollar. The role of the US Federal Reserve is analyzed in relation to this process as well.
Outline:
Abstract
Understanding the Current Crisis
The Current Situation and Potential Effects
Works Cited
From the Paper "In order to understand the current losses sustained by the US Dollar in what is otherwise considered a period of stable global economic growth, one must look at other periods of devaluation. During the Great Depression losses to bank deposits only amounted to 1.9% of the US GNP (Calamoris, 1993). Losses during other historical periods of economic crises, such as the 1830s, 1850s, and 1890s, are insignificant when compared to the losses that have occurred since 1982 (Calomoris, 1993). Calomoris does not feel that shocks such was wars, oil price hikes, or global downturns in demand have been to blame. Calomiris feels that government subsidies that encourage developing economies to take risks are to blame. These subsidies encourage spending and risk taking that the entities are not stable enough to handle. This places pressure on developed nations to foot the bill for the losses."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the concept of effective public diplomacy. This work focuses on the importance of effective diplomacy in branding African States. This work explains and analyzes the current challenges of effective diplomacy to African States on influencing people. Finally, this work analyzes the tools and mechanisms that could be best utilized to reach these goals and answers the question of what impacts can effective public diplomacy have to African States and whether these impacts can be measured and if so, then how. This work identifies the opportunities for African States to have effective diplomacy and concludes with a long-term investment project that can be secured through effective diplomacy and not only in African States but worldwide as well.
Outline:
Objective
Examination of Historical Diplomacy Domestic and International Politics
Private Sector Business Development
Tourism and Effective Public Diplomacy Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "First, it is important that the country or state develop business practices that reflect public diplomacy and that this be accomplished at the level of business within that country or state. Stated that part of this process includes making public diplomacy actions a corporate officer's responsibility. Secondly, it is important to promote an understanding of the society, culture and values in other countries. Stated third, is the importance of trust and respect across cultures. It is stated that the following eleven models of action were chosen because of their potential of impact on public diplomacy being that highest potential for an impact believed to be present. For the purpose of this work, African States has been inserted where previously specified America or American and are the models of actions as follows ... "
Tags: ambassadors, internationalization, cooperation, trust, country
Abstract The paper begins by reviewing and analyzing the book "Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace", co-authored by Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador John McDonald. The paper then discusses why Quebec has experienced relatively little violence, while Northern Ireland has experienced a great deal of violence although the two conflicts have similar backgrounds. The paper shows how diplomacy is an activity of conflict resolution and not of the creation of a potential utopia.
From the Paper "The book Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace, co-authored by Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador John McDonald, articulates an innovative new strategy for international diplomacy. Traditionally, diplomacy has been focused upon highly specific objectives within specific situations. Negotiating nuclear proliferation treaties is perhaps the most obvious example of this, where the former superpowers often engaged in long, protracted arguments about how many warheads and of what kind either the Soviet Union or the United States could produce or maintain over a period of time."
