This paper discusses that the Indian economy has been effected, positively or adversely, by the controversial World Trade Organization's (WTO) Doha declaration of 2001.
Abstract This paper explains that, in India, various reforms, as required by the WTO, were made to remove all barriers in the agricultural sector. The purpose of this move was to strengthen and develop agricultural markets in private and cooperative sectors, to expand futures trading to cover all agricultural products and to use information technology to provide market-led extension services to farmers. The author points out that India has the ability to cultivate superior knowledge through intensive R&D efforts and the expertise in applying the knowledge to commercially viable technologies in software sector, one of the major success stories. The paper relates that the cost benefits associated with manufacturing in India has positioned India as a preferred destination for manufacturing and sourcing for global markets. It explains that India is becoming a production base and an export hub for diverse goods from agricultural products to automobile components to high-end services.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Agriculture
Strength
Weakness
Opportunity
Threat
Services
Strength
Weakness
Opportunity
Market Access for Non Agricultural Products
Trade Related Aspects and Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Opportunities
Relation between Trade and Investment
Weakness
Opportunity
Threat
Interaction between Trade and Competition Policy
Weakness
Transparency in Government Procurement
Threat
Trade Facilitation
Textile Trade
Strength
Weakness
Opportunity
Threat
Trade and Environment
Electronic Commerce
Trade Debt and Finance
Trade and Transfer of Technology
Strength
Technical Cooperation and Capacity Building
Least Developed Countries
Small Economies and their Special and Differential Treatment
Weakness
Strength
Conclusion
From the Paper "As concluded by the WTO ministerial statement, (2001) WTO stresses the importance to implement and interpret the agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) in a of public health, by promoting both access to existing medicines and research and development into new medicines. The Agreement on TRIPs, which is part of the WTO Agreement, provides four norms and standards in respect of seven categories of intellectual property rights, including patents. India has laws in the following categories i.e., Copy Rights, Patents, Trade Marks and Industrial Designs. India is required to examine its laws to align them with the Trips Agreement."
Abstract This paper studies two different approaches to international investments: The multilateral approach, which is favored by developed nations and the bilateral approach, which is favored by developing nations. As the paper explains, since the negotiations on MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investments) fell apart, the developed world has been attempting to renew the effort through the other world bodies like WTO. This paper examines which of the above approaches is most suited to the world and in particular to the developing countries. The paper also asks whether a multilateral approach will necessarily lead to increased global FDI inflows. This paper ultimately proves that one size does not fit all, since investments are too sensitive and complicated to be governed by an umbrella agreement covering the entire world. Thus, the paper concludes, the WTO's attempt to address non-commercial factors through a multilateral agreement may not be worthwhile. Further, the paper recommends that if the WTO is to increase FDI, it should continue to concentrate on trade rather than bringing investments under a multilateral arrangement.
Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Introduction
Need for Study
Objectives
Hypothesis
Limitations
Chapterization
Literature Review
Theories on International Trade
Theories on FDI
What factors determine the FDI?
Is Global FDI Tariff Jumping?
Multilateralism & Bilateralism
The Doha Round
The Cancun & Hong Kong Round
India's Reservation on WTO
Methodology
Methodology
Source
Assumptions
Expected Outcome
Results & Findings
Findings from Time Series Data
Findings from Cross Section Data
Conclusions & Policy Recommendations
Suggested Areas for Further Research
Bibliography
End Notes
Tables
Figures
Appendices
From the Paper "At present, the foreign investments are protected under the BITs (Bilateral Investment Treaties) and certain other regional arrangements. Since the 1960s, the BITs have increased greatly in numbers and today there are more than 2300 BITs (Source -UNCTAD). There has been a sustained debate between the developed and the developing world on the utility and/or continuance of BITs. The stand of the developed world is that the BIT is an inadequate protection since it often (not always) subordinates investment disputes to the local laws of the host country rather than international arbitration. Also, the process of negotiations of BITs is costly and time consuming. The western world also holds the view that the BITs do not sufficiently address the issue of transparency, predictability and stability of the FDI regime of the host countries."
Abstract This paper addresses a number of economic issues, including: globalization, account deficit, similar developed economies, comparative vs competitive advantage, creative destruction, tariffs vs quotas, international specialization, Treaty of Versailles reparations payments, Doha Round, anti dumping procedures.
From the Paper "Globalization will likely continue to expand in the future because the process is just beginning and still has potential for much more growth. Companies are changing direction to take advantage of globalization and new paradigms of ..."
Tags: globalization, account deficit, similar developed economies, comparative vs competitive advantage, creative destruction, tariffs vs quotas, international specialization, Treaty of Versailles reparations payments, Doha Round, antidumping procedures
Abstract The paper discusses how advances in technology have figuratively shrunk the world, linking all four corners of the globe and facilitating global relationships. The writer examines how, despite the challenges of insensitive development of globalized free trade, in general, the positive benefits of this policy far outweigh the disadvantages. The paper notes that globalization has brought rapid prosperity to many developing countries and that because of the liberalization of free trade policies, poverty levels have fallen dramatically in many developing countries. The paper concludes that because of this economic growth, millennium development goals are on track for many countries, with a hope of reducing the world's poor to approximately 600 million, by the year 2015.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Global Overview of Poverty Statistics
Economic Performance and the Reduction of Poverty
Malaysia
China
El Salvador
Challenges to Globalization as a Reducer of Poverty: Free Trade and the Rice Sector
Other Challenges to Globalization: Higher Unemployment Rates
Doha Development Round: The Future of Economic Development in the War Against Global Poverty
Conclusion
From the Paper "Ten countries, with agricultural export potential, were analyzed in a WTO commissioned research study. In the study, East Asia and Europe were identified as leading winners to trade reform in both the short and the long-term. "In Brazil, liberalization would drive rapid poverty reduction by prompting increased agricultural production and employment in regions with relatively higher poverty incidence, while in China, the poor would gain as exports would increase to agricultural markets in East Asia that are highly protected at the present" ("Poverty & the WTO", 2005)."
A review of the role of the World Trade Organization as a referee in international business disputes and a discussion regarding major economic concepts.
Abstract This paper briefly discusses two major economic concepts, the Ricardian trade model and free trade model. The paper further discusses what implications and effects the Doha Round will have on the participants of international commerce. The paper concludes with a summary of the arguments.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Analysis
Free trade & The Doha Development Round
Advantages for the LDCs
Disadvantages for the LDCs
Liberalization and LDCs
Reduction of Export Subsidies and Ricardian Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper "In conditions of free trade, the least-developed countries and the developing ones, countries that import most of their food would be highly disadvantaged. Trade liberalization of agricultural products could lead to a growth in food prices, affecting the poorer countries. A solution to this problem could be offered by special aid programs regarding food, assistance to improve the productivity and subsidies for imports. "
"The impact of the liberalization of agriculture runs 3 different ways: prices for farm products grow, the producer's surpluses are lowered and the consumers gain. Even if this seems like a win-win situation, things are different for LDCs and developing countries. Several studies have shown that the indicator of welfare depends directly on producer's surpluses, and not on consumer's gain. This conclusion throws a dark light upon the LDCs as they have yet to develop their agrarian sector and cannot deprive themselves of the surpluses. But if they don't, they do not participate fairly to world trade. It is a bad circle. "
Abstract The paper describes the product of milk, the producers and consumers of milk and the history of trade disputes regarding milk. The paper then discusses the Doha round that attempted to resolve two major complaints from the participants to the international trade of agricultural products: large export subsidies and reduced access to the markets in high income countries. Finally, the paper looks at possible future developments in the international trade of milk.
Outline:
Introduction
Product Description
Producers and Consumers
History of Trade Disputes
Present Situation and the Doha Round
Possible Future Developments
From the Paper "With market liberalization and globalization, along came a multitude of issues which must be addressed and resolved. As such, since more and more countries are able to freely exchange their products, services, capital and even human resources, international organizations have been established to supervise these operations. Such an organization is the WTO, World Trade Organization, established in 1995 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland (Official Website of the WTO, 2008), which is aimed at regulating the international trade of all products and services, including agricultural products and consequently milk."
This paper discusses the agricultural negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), an independent international organization, which establishes and maintains rules governing global trade.
Abstract This paper explains that the Doha Round held in 2001 was a once-in-a-generation chance to change the rules that govern international agricultural trade so that both consumers and producers in both developed and developing countries would benefit. The author points out that the WTO agriculture negotiation has been viewed by many as an imbalanced instrument because it gives special and differential treatment to developed countries by strongly protecting them, while putting pressure on developing countries to liberalize more. The paper includes the '12 steps' program that is recommended for global human rights and food security.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The issues slated for discussion in Cancun centered on agriculture's three pillars previously mentioned. The Ministerial also had to discuss services; market access for industrial goods; the implementation of the Uruguay Round and special and differential treatment; geographical indications; investment, competition, government procurement and trade facilitation; environment; trade rules; and dispute settlement. The overall objective was defined as the narrowing down the gap between rich and poor countries."
Abstract This paper discusses the European Union (EU) policy in the Doha round of international trade talks. It emphasizes the EU objectives of compressing tariffs, increasing tariff binding and favoring environmental goods. The author explores the significance of the trade issue.
Abstract This paper illustrates, analyzes and compares articles regarding the existing obligations or provisions regarding international patent law. It examines those provisions that fall under the Paris Convention, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention and the Rome Convention. It also looks at the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention, the Treaty on Intellectual Property in Respect of Integrated Circuits and the European patent Convention.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Implementation Of The Trips Agreement
National And Most-Favored-Nation Treatment
Patent Right Exhaustion: Doha Declaration (Analysis Of Article 6)
TRIPS And Article 7 (Technological Promotion And Public Protection) Health Analysis
General Enforcement Obligations: Analysis Of Article 41
Fair And Equitable Procedures Article 42
Evidence (Article 43)
Article 45: Damages - Comparison and Analysis Related to IP Where Applicable
From the Paper "The guides existing to allow action that is effective in prevention of infringement state the "the requirement procedures permit 'effective action' speaks to all possible remedies, including civil, administrative and criminal procedures, as well as border measures, customs, tax and communication procedures." Copyright law in countries of optical media product export has proved ineffective in terms of media licensing and "countries have adopted optical media licensing regimes." TRIPS has as an obligation the provision of "effective actions" of infringement upon rights under this Article. It is held that Article 41 when combined with 61 (assumed to be understood as subsumed within the requirements of Article 41" make it a further requirement o countries to make the provision of any remedies "available" and not limited to those that are only within the law. Article 61 obliges countries to make the provision of criminal procedures and penalties "at least in cases of willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright privacy.""
