Abstract This paper examines how the main focus of niche diplomacy, as its name implies, is that of selecting specific "niches", which a nation's foreign policy will follow. It gives an overview of niche diplomacy; its definition, importance and examples of this diplomacy from history around the world. It uses the Canadian diplomacy as a case study and reviews argumentative essays around this topic, mainly the collection of argumentative essays titled "International Relations In The Post Cold War Era" by Evan H. Potter.
From the Paper "Smith then points out three limitations of niche diplomacy. These limitations are: Firstly, the vagueness of niche criteria combined with the lack of a clear method of niche inception, as well as there being no clear definition of when a niche ceases to exist; secondly, that there is an elitist element at the hart of niche diplomacy; and thirdly, that the policy of niche diplomacy with its over-focus on economics legitimizes what Smith defines as, "balance sheet diplomacy" (Smith 172). Smith then suggests that these limitations contribute significantly to the widening of the commitment-credibility gap, which niche diplomacy is supposed to narrow."
Abstract This paper examines the use of media to further public diplomacy. It defines public diplomacy and how it promotes the national interests of a country. The recent use of television and the World Wide Web by governments in the area of public diplomacy is also explored.
From the Paper " Public diplomacy deals with the ways the citizens of one country communicate their national personality and goals to other countries. It attempts to promote the national interests of one country through understanding ..."
Abstract This paper explores the pros and cons of war versus diplomacy. The author argues that skilled diplomacy could have avoided the US entry into World War II, as well as other major military conflicts. The paper further states that defeat of an opponent ought not to be the ultimate aim in a conflict. Achieving long-term goals in international relations are more important and possible through diplomacy rather than by violent means such as military action.
From the Paper " The period between 1930 and 1956 was probably the most turbulent era in recent human history. It saw the start and end of the Great Depression that destroyed the economies of most of the industrial world at one time; witnessed the rise of expansionist fascist powers in Europe and the Far-East resulting in probably the bloodiest conflict in human history; the gradual change of the US foreign policy from isolationism to intervention in the Second World War; the victory of the Allies over the Axis powers; the emergence of the US and the USSR as the two major world powers and the start of almost half a century of a Cold War between them, besides the American involvement in the eventually stalemated Korean War."
Tags: conflict, resolution, diplomacy, military, intervention, war, World, War, II
Abstract An essay which analyzes the ineffectiveness of Australia's 'megaphone diplomacy' under John Howard in dealing with the refugees and asylum seekers issue particularly with its largest neighbor, Indonesia. It also suggests a more appropriate formula for Australia to establish better relationships with Indonesia after the East Timor crises.
From the Paper "In analysing the effect of "megaphone diplomacy" to Australia-Indonesia relations and to Australian engagement with the region, Kevin's statement that "a country's foreign policy succeeds if its political leaders have a clear understanding of their country's national interests and place in the world, so that they may set appropriate foreign policy goals; and if its diplomats are trained and resourced to carry out their specialist tasks of analysis and representation" could be used as the consideration. Based on his experience while serving as Australian diplomat in many Asian countries, Kevin also states that in most of the Asian regions, economic rationalism is not the dominant value system. There remains a large place for courtesy, for accommodating differences, for breaking bread together, for helping the needy, for recognising abiding values of family and friendship."
Abstract This paper reviews the role of the U.S. state department in deploying the public diplomacy program nationally and world wide. According to this paper, the most prevalent opinion that seems to be held worldwide is that the United States is a domineering global superpower fueled by greed and bent on conquest.
From the Paper "What is Public Diplomacy? Public diplomacy is the method by which the United States government seeks to create an image in the eyes of the citizens of other countries. According to the U.S. Department of State, Dictionary of International Relations Terms, "public diplomacy refers to government-sponsored programs intended to inform or influence public opinion in other countries; its chief instruments are publications, motion pictures, cultural exchanges, radio, and television" (cited in United States Information Agency Alumni Association [USIAAA] 2002, par. 8). This term was first used in 1965, when the Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy was established at Tufts University (USIAAA 2002, par. 11). The USIAAA states that some sources equate public diplomacy with propaganda. Although both forms of communication are intended to persuade people, propaganda generally has a negative connotation of "disinformation" (2002, par. 12)."
Abstract In this article, the writer examines the concept of effective public diplomacy. This work focuses on the importance of effective diplomacy in branding African States. This work explains and analyzes the current challenges of effective diplomacy to African States on influencing people. Finally, this work analyzes the tools and mechanisms that could be best utilized to reach these goals and answers the question of what impacts can effective public diplomacy have to African States and whether these impacts can be measured and if so, then how. This work identifies the opportunities for African States to have effective diplomacy and concludes with a long-term investment project that can be secured through effective diplomacy and not only in African States but worldwide as well.
Outline:
Objective
Examination of Historical Diplomacy Domestic and International Politics
Private Sector Business Development
Tourism and Effective Public Diplomacy Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "First, it is important that the country or state develop business practices that reflect public diplomacy and that this be accomplished at the level of business within that country or state. Stated that part of this process includes making public diplomacy actions a corporate officer's responsibility. Secondly, it is important to promote an understanding of the society, culture and values in other countries. Stated third, is the importance of trust and respect across cultures. It is stated that the following eleven models of action were chosen because of their potential of impact on public diplomacy being that highest potential for an impact believed to be present. For the purpose of this work, African States has been inserted where previously specified America or American and are the models of actions as follows ... "
Tags: ambassadors, internationalization, cooperation, trust, country
Abstract The paper explains the term "Big Stick Diplomacy", which refers to President Roosevelt's administration's foreign policy. The paper describes how Roosevelt metaphorically used his big stick on several occasions, particularly in Latin America. The paper then discusses President William Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" that describes the United States' efforts to use money in the form of loans to countries in Latin America and East Asia to further US aims. The paper compares the leadership of both presidents and asserts that while Roosevelt prevented wars using creative tactics and mediated disputes between foreign nations to sustain peace and protect U.S. interests, Taft just used economic power to manipulate foreign relations.
From the Paper "President Theodore Roosevelt felt, throughout his entire political career that being well-prepared for a conflict was the United States' best strategy as a preventative measure to avoid war. His belief, taken from the African proverb, "speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far," summarizes his leadership (Abrams, 1978). Forcing the United States to flaunt its power was, in his mind, the most effective way to keep other countries from attacking. Simply carrying the big stick without using it would hopefully be enough to discourage their challenges. The media helped to hype this statement coining the term Big Stick Diplomacy to refer to his administration's foreign policy. Political cartoons during his presidency often depicted Roosevelt with a large object, usually a club or stick, swinging it at others to force them into submission with mere threat."
Abstract The paper begins by reviewing and analyzing the book "Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace", co-authored by Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador John McDonald. The paper then discusses why Quebec has experienced relatively little violence, while Northern Ireland has experienced a great deal of violence although the two conflicts have similar backgrounds. The paper shows how diplomacy is an activity of conflict resolution and not of the creation of a potential utopia.
From the Paper "The book Multi-Track Diplomacy: A Systems Approach to Peace, co-authored by Dr. Louise Diamond and Ambassador John McDonald, articulates an innovative new strategy for international diplomacy. Traditionally, diplomacy has been focused upon highly specific objectives within specific situations. Negotiating nuclear proliferation treaties is perhaps the most obvious example of this, where the former superpowers often engaged in long, protracted arguments about how many warheads and of what kind either the Soviet Union or the United States could produce or maintain over a period of time."
Abstract The paper describes how the United States tried to stay neutral at the start of WWII but was ultimately drawn into the thick of the conflict, in Europe and the Pacific. The paper shows how the US foreign policy became firmly 'internationalist' as opposed to 'isolationist'. The paper discusses how, although several features of the US wartime policy are considered to have been controversial, such as its alliance with the Soviet Union, the main aims of the US policy were fully achieved.
Outline:
Background
US Policies of Neutrality, "Cash and Carry" and "Lend-Lease"
Getting Directly Involved in the War
Roosevelt's Wartime Diplomacy: Deviousness or Statesmanship?
The Goals and Outcome of American Diplomacy Conclusion
From the Paper "The US diplomacy during the Second World War had its roots in the aftermath of the First World War. Having taken his country into the First World War to "make the world safe for democracy," President Woodrow Wilson unveiled his vision for collective world security after the War and worked fervently for his country's entry into a "League of Nations." However, Wilson failed to get the backing of the Congress for his plan and America entered into an isolationist phase. Hence, when the Second World War started in 1939, the US public opinion, preoccupied with its domestic fight against the economic depression, was in no mood to get entangled in the War."
Tags: isolationism, internationalism, Wilson, Roosevelt, Soviet, Union
This paper examines the role of media diplomacy, public diplomacy and propaganda in the reporting of the meeting between the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Israel on April 15, 2004.
Abstract The paper looks at several different reports of this event and analyzes how the use of media and public diplomacy, along with propaganda, shape the way in which news is actually reported. The paper discusses how the United States focused on the commitment to fighting terrorism as its outcome of the meeting, the Middle-East focused on the United States' public support of the continued oppression of the Palestinians while the United Kingdom saw it as another act of arrogance by the Bush administration and used it as an attack on its own Prime Minister. The paper shows how vastly different the reports of one event can be and what one event can mean to so many different people.
From the Paper "Public and media diplomacy are closely related and often confused with each other. Public diplomacy is defined as a one-sided, usually half truthful communication designed to persuade public opinion where media diplomacy is essentially the same but uses a television medium to get the point across either locally or internationally. Many media and press outlets utilized this particular event to get their one-sided point across to the only audience that mattered, the one that was listening."
Abstract This paper examines Diplomacy by Henry A. Kissinger. The plan of the research will be to set forth the theme of and pattern of ideas in the book and then to discuss the style, emphasis, sources, organization, bias of the author, and other features that comprise the means by which the theme is elaborated, as well as Kissinger's career
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to examine Diplomacy by Henry A. Kissinger. The plan of the research will be to set forth the theme of and pattern of ideas in the book and then to discuss the style, emphasis, sources, organization, bias of the author, and other features that comprise the means by which the theme is elaborated, as well as Kissinger's career--all with a view toward providing an evaluation of the contributions it makes to an understanding of the subjects it undertakes.
The theme of Diplomacy has a double perspective, one historical and the other critical. From one point of view, it is a historical survey of some three hundred years worth of international relations in and among the nation-states of Europe and the United States. The survey seems partly meant to show that certain problems now being faced by the West have roots as far back as .."
Abstract This paper examines how Henry Kissinger used a very unique policy of diplomacy when he was Secretary of State during President Nixon's term of office. It explains that Kissinger did not like being a team-player and preferred to make most of the decisions alone. During his term, he focused on the relationship with Europe and the paper discusses how this policy was different to his predecessors.
From the Paper "In a recent article "History and Henry Kissinger" , Robert Beisner makes a very careful distinction between an American Secretary of State and his corps of diplomats and bureaucrats, and Kissinger, who renounced "diplomacy by consensus", in fact disliked the term "diplomat" and asserted the power of a Statesman in deciding the direction of American foreign policy. In this book, Kissinger's every move seems to have been constructed to overcome the democratic barriers of foreign policy. He did not want team-work. He often disregarded Nixon's memoranda. He wanted to be known for daring, for taking unusual chances, and for succeeding"
Abstract This paper explains that the stunning evolution in the telecommunications field (IT) has created the "age of speed", a time of rapid and efficient movement of information, which resulted a quick paradigm shift in the international community order and in professional career diplomacy. The author points out that the initial reaction of diplomats to IT was skepticism and rejection because they perceived that IT ultimately would make their roles obsolete; rather, although IT made changes on the current diplomatic processes and compelled diplomats to adjust their current activities, these changes were molded according to the needs and essential requirements of the diplomatic process and the diplomats themselves. The paper stresses that the most prominent element of the IT revolution is the internet. Because the basic functions of diplomats worldwide is gathering and dissemination of information.
From the Paper "Websites specializing in diplomacy vary from one mission to the other due to various reasons. Often there is a difference in taste, for instance, among people in regards to the design of the site, or perhaps there remains an overabundance of designs for diplomatic websites that a mission can choose from. Occasionally the ministry of foreign affairs sets the design and the structure for a mission's website, as is the case with the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, the American Department of State Foreign Affairs, and the Diplomatic Service Families Association in Great Britain. Various types of information are usually offered on these sites, such as information on the mission's mother state, its domestic and foreign policy, and its relations with the host country. Some sites, such as the British High Commission office in South Africa, offer current news on business, politics, and general affairs."
Abstract This short paper reviews and analyzes Henry Kissinger's massive work "Diplomacy." The paper examines some perceived flaws in Kissinger's outlook, including his lack of analysis of historical trends which have traditionally influenced foreign policy. The author also criticizes Kissinger for not acknowledging the role of American idealism in US foreign relations.
From the Paper "Henry Kissinger was nothing if not polarizing during his tenure in the Nixon presidential administration; he has continued to divide observers violently after his tenure in politics is over through his public commentary and political analysis of foreign policy. In Diplomacy, Kissinger takes on the task of analyzing the perceived success or failure of foreign policies spanning all of modern history, and much of the eras which preceded it. In this massive tome, Kissinger's opinions regarding leadership and successful politics are evident, and while he makes a cogent and compelling argument for his own opinions, the book also presents something of a reader as to why Kissinger's policies and tactics have remained so controversial. This essay will address two of the major flaws with Kissinger's analysis of foreign policy throughout history: first, his emphasis on the personality of leaders as the primary factor behind their policy, and second, his unrepentant realism with regard to foreign policy and his continued refusal to acknowledge the role which American idealism has played in foreign policy throughout the modern era."
Abstract This paper examines how religion has had an impact on diplomatic practice all over the world, with mixed results. It shows how historically speaking, the religion/diplomacy venture can be viewed as a successful one- provided we understand the objective of this diplomacy to be the infliction of as much bloodshed, intolerance and subversion upon mankind as is humanly possible. It examines how acting as agents of religion, governments far and wide throughout the course of human history have sought to oppress their neighbors under a banner of religious truth and moral conquest and how in the modern context, holy wars are truly no less frequent than they have ever been. It looks at how religion has effected diplomatic practice since the very inception of civilization, as founding political precepts most often revolved around some concept of divinity. Indeed, most nations have traditionally sought to integrate religion and diplomatic practice into one seamless entity, for religion was understood as the ultimate justification for any sort of escapade into foreign territory.
From the Paper "The legacy of the Crusades has endured. The Muslims, once tolerant of Christians, developed a hatred and suspicion for the Christian faith that endures to this day. The outcome of the Crusades led to the Turkish wars of later years, in which Islamic expansion into Europe and the Balkans would set the stage for future Muslim-Christian conflicts. Also significant, the ideology behind the Crusades exists today as well. Religious persecution is not uncommon in the modern global context; the impact of religion upon diplomatic practice remains heavy-handed enough to provide us with contemporary examples of many a spirited genocide and plunder."
