Abstract The paper discusses how the need for an indexing/recording system or data dictionary is paramount in order to retrieve needed information in the shortest possible time. The paper explains that a simple data dictionary is an alphabetic list of tables and columns and their descriptions and some technical details like data types and default values. The paper notes that implementation of a data dictionary should be at the onset of database development. Finally, the paper looks at the American Health Information Management Association's 14-point guidelines for developing a data dictionary.
From the Paper "Databases are often referred to as the 21st century filing cabinets. The filing cabinets of the 20th century have files, records and forms, and so do today's databases. Whereas the filing cabinets have logbooks and indexes that determine where and what are the contents of a particular filing cabinet, databases have data dictionaries that locate contents in a particular database. "A simple spreadsheet or even index cards, crude as they are, are far better than no data-dictionary at all. The criterion is understandability, not ease of maintenance. "Weisert, 2003)"
Abstract The paper describes a database as a file in a database management system that specifies the basic organization of the database and then explaines the importance of a data dictionary. The paper also discusses the basic structure of the data dictionary. The paper explains that the data dictionary is very important because it provides the database and index to find information in the database and also helps programmers who need to work on the database. The paper relates that database normalization is clearly a practice that can be ignored in the real world but can greatly improve database efficiency and performance.
From the Paper "A data dictionary can also be described as a set of metadata (data about data) and is a database in its own right. It contains representation of the elements in the database an provides consistent data in the tables of the database if fields are repeated. It can contain both semantics and data representations of definitions for data elements and it is very useful to programmers who plan to work on the database system."
Abstract This paper introduces, discusses and reviews the book "Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch" by Desmond Alexander and David Baker. The paper explains that, although the title of the book would leave one questioning what light a dictionary could possibly shed on one's theological and philosophical understanding of the Old Testament, the book does, in fact, have a lot to offer its readers and contains a clear message and mission about the Old Testament.
From the Paper "The section of the authors on the "Image of God" is perhaps the most powerful example of how a dictionary format can be instructive as a way of teaching an individual about the theological and historical nuances of the Bible. Rather than seeking the Image of God as a particular doctrine, expressed differently and piecemeal in a few texts, or pertaining only to the Genesis creation myth, the authors trace how humanity was made in the image of God, and yet connect this concept to the mention of God's image in other texts of the books of Moses, such as the condemnation of idolatry in the story of the Golden Calf and in the Ten Commandments. They stress how God's Image in the Pentateuch was also regarded as sacred thing, not a part of the idolatrous worship of the human-created image common to paganism."
Tags: biblical, text, alphabetical, format, hermeneutical, exegetical, concepts, judaism
Abstract The paper describes how Samuel Johnson created the most influential dictionary in the history of the English language. The paper illustrates how Johnson beat all odds, including financial constraints, illness and the death of his wife, to create this important piece of literature. The paper shows how, not only does the dictionary offer a glimpse into 18th century British life, it is also an autobiography of sorts of Johnson himself.
From the Paper "Samuel Johnson created, singlehandedly, the most influential dictionary in the history of the English language. The Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1775, and took nine years to complete. Although the Dictionary would now be considered obsolete, it was the most reliable dictionary until the appearance of Noah Webster's American dictionary at the end of the nineteenth century. The Dictionary is unique in many aspects, but most notably in that it was the first to feature illustrative quotations--and there are thousands of them (Millward 240). What is perhaps more intriguing than the dictionary itself is the story behind its creation and its creator."
Abstract This paper examines the definitions of the meaning of the word theology according to three theological dictionaries: "The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought," edited by Adrian Hastings, "A New Dictionary of Christian Theology," edited by A. Richardson and J. Bowden, and "Evangelical Dictionary of Theology," edited by Walter A. Elwell. The writer presents an analysis through providing summaries for the definition given by each of the three dictionaries, and explains where the three definitions overlap, as well as their major differences. The paper concludes with the writer's personal definition of the word "theology," based on the three examined definitions.
From the Paper "This particular dictionary makes a distinction between theology and religious studies. Theology as opposed to religious studies is all embracing of the secular and the sacred including disparate disciplines such as geology, psychology and biology. Another key feature of this dictionary's definition is the five principle types of theology including: liturgical and pastoral, scriptural commentary, thematic, experiential, and allegorical all of which have their own distinguishable language, methodology and purpose."
Abstract Samuel Johnson was a writer who completed the first real modern dictionary nearly single-handedly. This paper examines his text, "A Dictionary of the English Language" and shows how Johnson's eccentric character affected his writing.
From the Paper "He wrote the definitions of more than 40,000 words, but he also gave illustrations of how they were used in the language. This was an amazing feat at the time, and still is. He also used humor in his writing, which would not be acceptable in a reference book today. For example, he wrote several definitions in the dictionary that were funny and enjoyable, such as, "'Excise: a hateful tax levied upon commodities...'; 'Lexicographer: a writer of dictionaries, a harmless drudge...'; and 'Oats: a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people'"..."
Abstract This paper is an analysis of "King Lear" centering on Shakespeare's thematic use of various conceptions of nature as structured by definitions of the word found in the Oxford English Dictionary. This study shows how exploring word meanings aids in understanding the theme.
From the Paper "A consideration of NATURE in its many definitions as revealed in the OED and as applied to the use of the word NATURE as utilized by Shakespeare in King Lear proves vast and revealing. Shakespeare's characters use this word in its many meanings to suit their own needs. Observing Shakespeare's varied uses of this word through King Lear aids in understanding the tragic complexity of the play and its title character. What Lear has always believed about NATURE gets turned upside down in the course of the action of this drama. Characters like Kent and Edgar must disguise themselves to hide their true identities and honest NATUREs. Others like Goneril, Regan, Cornwall and Edmund turn what appear to be their true NATUREs inside out into falseness. As readers and audience consider this word NATURE in its many implications we begin to realize the immensity of meaning available for our contemplation."
Tags:dictionary, english, nature, oxford, shakespeare, study, thematic, word
Abstract The paper discusses the denotative meanings as listed in the dictionary for which there are three main definitions for the word "no"; but, when used as an adverb, seven different meanings are given. The paper continues that while the denotative meaning is reasonably clear, the connotative nuances of "no" are an exploration into the very complexity and inherent difficulty of the English language.
From the Paper "It is crucial to go beyond the simple denotative meaning of a word, in order to fully appreciate the complexity of communication and meaning. While its denotative meaning is reasonably clear, the connotative nuances of "no" are an exploration into the very complexity and inherent difficulty of the English language. Over the past years "no" has been associated with female empowerment, and the word "no" also brings up images of petulant toddlers defying their parents."
Abstract The "Al-Mosbah", also known as the Muslim Electronic Directory is a small portable computer device containing materials such as a text of the Q'uran, an Arabic-English dictionary and prayer times. In order to promote this product successfully, this paper looks at the various marketing elements and necessary conditions needed. It shows, for example, that one of the products advantages is that it serves two communities - the English speaking and the Islamic.
From the Paper "Marketing is the process of selling, but it involves a wide variety of functions--research, market analysis, the development of strategy, the development of the product itself, and so on. Marketing research meant to develop information, and it is emphasized that business marketing requires knowing what customers value, how value is defined, how value is measured, and how valuable products and services are to the customer. What is then needed is a marketing strategy that will sell the product or service. Each business must first know what the customer values and so how to appeal to the customer to show that your product or service can fulfill that value."
Abstract This paper is primarily a biographical report of Voltaire's life and the inspiration of several of his major works, such as "Candide" and "The Philosophical Dictionary". This writing also includes some personal interpretation regarding the effects of Voltaire's unconventional philosophies during his time.
From the Paper "Voltaire's style, wit, intelligence and keen sense of justice made him one of France's greatest writers and philosophers. Voltaire was a skeptic who believed in reason, but also in the limitations of reason. He trusted it only as far as he could see it with his own eye. He lived in a time when the preaching of priests and the ruling of kings were to be accepted without question. In his writings he dared to question and examine the human condition, and to criticize and doubt political and religious beliefs."
Abstract This paper discusses the many features of Simon Winchester's book, "The Professor and the Madman" - from its compulsively readable style to its arresting story to its comprehensive research. This paper examines the skillful way in which Winchester builds suspense vis-a-vis the odd relationship between William Chester Minor and Dr. James Murray. The paper looks at how Winchester piques the interest of the reader with regards to Minor's curious life-course and how he also explicates the factors which brought the idea of the Oxford English Dictionary into being.
From the Paper "In Simon Winchester's "The Professor and the Madman", the ringing question which keeps being asked of the reader is to imagine a time when the modern-day dictionary simply did not exist. Suffice it to say, most readers alive in the early years of the twenty-first century can scarcely imagine such a thing - but that was precisely the case in nineteenth-century Great Britain. However, beyond the fact that Winchester's book forces its audience to re-examine our remarkable reliance upon the Oxford English Dictionary, his text is spell-binding because it offers a tale of intrigue, murder and insanity that reads more like a fanciful thriller than an actual real-life tale."
Abstract Embryology is defined in Blakiston's Medical Dictionary as "the science dealing with the embryo and its development". This paper examines the development of a few microscopic cells which develop into a human fetus, then to an embryo and then on to birth. The paper also includes a detailed description of the ear formation of a fetus. Illustrations are included in the paper.
Table of Contents:
Embryology defined from Webster's Dictionary.
Embryology defined from Blakiston's Medical Dictionary.
Psalms 139:15-16
From Cell to Embryo
Formation of a Zygote, Morula and Blastocyte
Three Germ Layers-Endometrium, Ectoderm and Mesoderm
Major Developments of the Fetus to an Embryo
The Ear
The Formation of the Outer Ear
The Formation of the Middle Ear
The Formation of the Inner Ear
Conclusion
Formation of a New Life
Fascination of Formation
A Gift of Life from our Creator
From the Paper "Once the sperm and ovum meet, a zygote is formed with a set of forty-six chromosomes. In just a few hours, this zygote multiplies into two cells, then four, eight, etc. This large clump of cells is known as the morula. The morula will for the next four days continue on to travel through the Fallopian tubes. The sphincter, which is usually impenetrable, relaxes due to progesterone allowing this hollow clump of cells, now known as a blastocyte, to pass through and attach itself to the lining of the uterus. This step is called implantation."
Abstract Discusses how words are used, the emphasis on grammar, not acceptance of new words. Looks at Simon Winchester's account of how the "Oxford English Dictionary" (OED) came into being. Discusses Samuel Johnson's dictionary.
From the Paper "This research takes the form of an informative essay on the subject of the distinction between prescriptive and descriptive language use. The topic of research was chosen based on Winchester's account of how the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) came into ..."
Abstract In this paper the author reviews the gratitude expressed in D.H. Lawrence's poem "Piano", Anne Bradstreet's poem "To My Dear and Loving Husband," and Toni Morrison's writing "Nobel Prize Speech." He highlights how the dictionary definition of gratitude as meaning thankfulness is not enough to justify the depth of the word. But, in poetry the word gratitude, becomes much more. The author describes how, in each poem the gratitude expressed can relate to the whole story and life of a person. One of the examples he gives is D.H. Lawrence's poem "Piano", which he describes as a nostalgic view of the gratitude Lawrence has for his mother's relationship. The author also relates to the other poems and their more deep meaning of gratitude which is expressed. In conclusion he reiterates that the dictionary meaning of gratitude is not enough, especially in poetry, as there is much more to the word.
From the Paper "At first glance, Bradstreet's poem looks only like a love song; it does not outwardly thank anybody. However, a closer reading reveals not only its theme of gratitude, but also the notion that viewing the poem under the guise of its first appearance oversimplifies the poem and hides its complexity. Indeed, "To My Dear and Loving Husband" is written in rhymed couplets and is a mere 12 lines long. Nevertheless, it is clearly an illustration of the Puritan belief that wealth is a measurement of blessing (Ryken 20). Specifically, Bradstreet says, "Love is greater "than whole mines of gold/ Or all the riches that the East doth hold" (lines 5-6), thereby acknowledging that her greatest wealth is love."
Tags: love, eternity, benefit, emotional, personal, reader, words
This paper contrasts the definition of the grammatical term 'split infinitive' as presented in "Webster's Dictionary of English Usage", "The Guide to Canadian Language Usage" and "A Dictionary of Modern English Usage".
Abstract This paper explains that, by analyzing the similar and contrasting definitions of the use of the split infinitive, the reader can realize how different guides use different objectives to impart a meaning to various grammatical terms. The author points out that, in discussing the split infinitive, the "Webster Guide" makes a faulty assumption that popular literature and various theorists have defined the syntactical usage with a far wider meaning. The paper concludes that the definitions of the split infinitive as a misnomer appear logically and grammatically adequate in the "Webster Guide"; while the "Canadian Guide" provides a more detailed explanation of usage within certain styles of speech and writing. The paper includes several quotations.
From the Paper "In this manner, the term is being nullified since it does not really represent a technical "splitting" of the infinitive within a technical usage format. The appurtenant aspect of the infinitive provides a grammatical explanation of why the "Webster Guide" does not agree that the term is valid in language other than slang. However, the "Guide to Canadian English Usage" tends to propose that, although a split infinitive may not be a correct form of writing, it can still be seen as a definitive explanation for syntactical alignment of these words within a social and standardized written context:"
