End-Stage Renal Disease

Paper Summary:

This paper explains that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represents irreversible damage to the nephrons, the functioning filtration units of the kidney. The author points out that this stage is generally accepted clinically as the complete dependence of the patient on life-preserving dialysis or kidney transplantation for adequate waste filtration due to this irreversible damage. The paper relates that the definitive treatment of ESRD is the initiation of dialysis (peritoneal or hemodialysis) or renal transplantation with control or eradication of the cause of the kidney disease; however, nutritional support in the patient with end-stage renal disease must take into account the fragile electrolyte balance maintained by the remaining functional nephrons.

Table of Contents
Causes
Populations at Risk
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment

From the Paper:

"Signs and symptoms of ESRD are also seen in acute, chronic and acute renal failure superimposed on chronic renal failure. ESRD is seen in GFRs that approach zero; it is thus inferable that prolonged periods in between dialysis result in severe manifestations of electrolyte imbalance, especially urea and ammonia accumulation. Azotemia and uremia are associated with urea and ammonia accumulation secondary to diminished renal function are seen in rises in blood urea nitrogen."

Sample of Sources Used:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2007). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors--United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 56(8), 161-5. Accessed March 3, 2007, from the Pubmed Database.
• Kasper, D.L., Braunwald, E., Fauci, A.S., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L. Isselbacher, K.J. & Jameson, J.L. (Eds.) (2005). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (16th ed.) [Online]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Accessed March 3, 2007, from http://www.accessmedicine.com.
• Middleton RJ, Foley RN, Hegarty J, Cheung CM, McElduff P et al. (2006). The unrecognized prevalence of chronic kidney disease in diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 21(1), 88-92. Accessed March 3, 2007, from the Pubmed Database.
• Skorecki, K, Green, J & Brenner, B.M. (2005). Tuberculosis. In D.L. Kasper, E. Braunwald, A.S. Fauci, K.J. S.L. Hauser, D.L. Longo K.J. Isselbacher & J.L. Jameson (Eds.), Harrison's principles of internal medicine (16th ed.) [Online]. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Accessed March 3, 2007, from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=87373

More papers on End-Stage Renal Disease:

• Case Study # 102340 : "End-Stage Renal Disease"
• Term Paper # 101856 : "End Stage Renal Disease"
• Research Proposal # 26243 : "End-Stage Renal Disease"

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