Abstract This paper reviews the biography of Deng Xiaoping, Mao Zedong's successor, as the leader of Communist China. Its main focus is on the differences between Deng and Mao, especially Deng's reforms which began China's move towards free enterprise.
From the Paper "Richard Evan's biography on Mao Zedong's successor as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China is a critical evaluation of Deng Xiaoping's political career in the Chinese Communist Party. Mostly just telling the story of his life as it is (based on facts obtained from previous books on China and the CCP, government sources, and interviews with communist officials), Evans? own opinions inevitably come out in the narrative. Throughout the book, Evans indirectly declares his admiration for Deng Xiaoping. He especially praises his contributions to the Chinese economy and living standards, and to China's current standing in the international political arena. Evans also compares Deng to Mao Zedong on several points, in each case revealing Deng's contrast to be the better side (which contributed to Deng's greater popularity over Mao's once Deng had been in charge for a short while). This contrast of personalities and beliefs is to me the strongest message which this book proclaims."
Abstract This paper discusses the Spring 1992 visit of Deng Xiaoping to southern China, otherwise known as Nanxun. To fully grasp the significance of Nanxun, the paper considers the state of economic reforms that took place prior to 1992, the political state of China in the years just prior to 1992 and the resulting developments following Nanxun. The paper outlines the events that led up to and followed Nanxun, making use of the many famous speeches that were given by Deng and other leaders. The paper contends that classes that teach 'Deng Xiaoping Theory' continue to use these speeches that provide ideological and cultural insight.
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
II. A Note on Deng Deng the Pragmatist
III. The Pre-Nanxun Years (1989 - 1992)
IV. Nanxun Excerpts From Talks Given In Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shanghai, January 18 -February 21, 1992
V. Post Nanxun (1992 - )
The Numbers
A Yet to be Delivered of Nanxun
VI. Conclusion
References
From the Paper "In the last 25 years China has experienced explosive growth brought about by major sweeping economic reforms and opening up. Nonetheless, this reform process has been recognized by experts as a 'gradual' opening up. This gradual opening up has been characterized by many different stages of which most can be accredited to China's then helmsman Deng Xiaoping. In studying this 25 year period, there is one year that demarks a crucial link in China's continued economic reform and opening up since 1978. This link is the spring 1992 visit of Deng Xiaoping to southern China, otherwise known as Nanxun. During this tour, Deng delivered several important speeches that boldly called for further economic reform and dismissed leftist ideology and conservative thinking at that time that threatened continued reform. Despite many heated ideological debates at that time, Deng's arguments and ideas would later triumph and pave the way for China's further development and successes."
Abstract In this paper, I discuss Deng Xiaoping, who ruled China from 1978 until 1990 and died in 1997. I discuss his early rise to power as a Communist follower of Mao Zedong, then I discuss how he had critical differences from Mao when he came to power. I then discuss how he implemented these differences by adopting Capitalist reforms to revive China economy, which suffered greatly because of Mao's attempts to collectivize farms and plan China's entire economy. I also indicate how Deng's legacy is mixed, since he ruthlessly squelched opposition to many of the pro-democratic forces which became more vocal as a result of his own policies.
Abstract This paper examines how Deng Xiaping started China's economic reforms in 1978 with the announcement of the "Open Door Policy" and how, prior to the introduction of the new policy, China had followed the radical, centrally directed economic policies of Mao that emphasized self-reliance and closed its door to trade with foreign countries. It also looks at the roles of Deng Xiaping, Jiang Zeminand and Hu Jintao's three generations of Chinese leadership in China's political economy, the achievements has China made since then and the main problems with today's Chinese political economy.
Outline
Deng Xiaoping's Economic Reforms
Achievements by China Since the Initiation of Economic Reforms
Major Problems in Today's Chinese Political Economy
Why China is Not a Democracy Yet
Evaluation of the Roles of Deng, Jiang and Hu in China's Political Economy
From the Paper "Despite considerable economic gains made by China in the post-1978 period, it is still faced with a number of serious politico-economic problems. Corruption and other economic crimes have proliferated in China as it has moved towards a market-oriented economy. Unemployment, though not too high in terms of percentages (3% according to official figures ), translates into more than 20 million unemployed workers due to the large Chinese population. ("Economic Overview" Country Watch) In addition to the unemployed, it is estimated that 50 to 100 million surplus rural workers are adrift between the villages and the cities, barely surviving through part-time, low-paying jobs. There is a growing trend of inter-regional and urban-rural inequality with the rural areas and areas away from the booming coastal regions, falling significantly behind. Despite efforts at reforming state owned organizations and the closure of a number of loss-making industries, over half of China's large state-owned enterprises are still making losses."
Abstract This paper begins with a synopsis of the first millennium of Chinese history and the rise of Mao Tse Tung to power. It traces the childhood and early history of this communist leader and explains his take on Marxist and Communist ideology. The paper then turns to discuss the first phase of Chinese political and economic development (1952 to 1957) and Mao's economic policy. The era of the "Great Leap Forward" is explored and the 1959-60 famine is brought up as Mao's first failure. The paper looks at the involvement of Deng in China's leadership before and after the death of Mao Tse Tung and at Mao's status as a visible icon throughout China. His aims and involvement in the Cultural Revolution of 1966 are studied and the differences between Mao's and his successor, Deng's leadership are raised. The paper concludes by evaluating and comparing the relative successes of these two leaders.
From the Paper "Though both were dedicated to the communist ideology, as each had their time at the helm as Emperors in their own right. Mao Tse Tung was the high priest of Chinese communism, charismatic, energetic, calculating, and a true personal power. Mao led ideologically with great slogans and focused on what should be rather than what was, he actively shunned the West, and maintained an archaic absolutism based upon a cult of personality that resulted in the failures of the Great Leap Forward, the Famine of 1959-1960, and eventually to the Cultural Revolution. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the impact of Mao Tse Tung's ideology upon the form and function of China."
This paper reviews the book "Chen Village Under Mao and Deng" by Anita Chan, Richard Madesn and Jonathan Unger that studies the impact of revolutionary activities on isolated communities.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, 2005, $ 44.95
Abstract The paper examines global issues and presents a book report on the book "Chen Village Under Mao and Deng." The book report includes an examination of the authors, objectives, a summary, a look at methodology and the sources that were used. The paper also includes an evaluation section that is basically in favour of the book.
From the Paper "The effects of revolutionary activities on isolated communities have always been of interest to anthropologists and sociologists. This is precisely the issue examined in "Chen Village Under Mao and Deng." The authors of this work, Anita Chan, Richard Madesn and Jonathan Unger are all sociologists associated with Universities in Australia and the United States (Chan et al). The fact that the book is written as a sociological work is not surprising considering that it was written by three sociologists. The sociological style of the book also means that it does not have a clearly defined thesis. Instead the book is more of a general exploration of life in Chen village over the early 1960s to 1990."
Abstract This document discusses China's current economic success and expansion from the perspective of its historical continuity and identity. The writer contends that the early consolidation of China under the Emperor Huangdi is the initial shift that provides the foundation for the national and cultural consistency that supports business enterprise in the market. Additionally, the writer discusses that structural economic and social reforms instituted under Deng Xiaoping are utilized as part of this evolutionary development that allows China to effectively leverage its labor force as a competitive advantage to dominate manufacturing and trade. The writer concludes that China's historical past relevant to its unification ensured that it would develop the strong national identity required to support a market economy that could leverage its workforce to gain competitive advantage.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction & Aim
Historical Foundations
Reform Era
Current Economic Growth
Conclusion
From the Paper " This research project examines the current economic and professional success both at a national levels as well as a global level within the context of its historical past and its evolutionary development as a nation. It is argued that China's early unification under a single Emperor during the 3rd century B.C. laid the foundation for national and cultural unity which provides much of the necessary social continuity for the country's current economic success. Additionally, the reforms implemented by Deng Xiaoping are seen as the requisite structural changes which China needed to institute if it were going to successfully navigate the global economy and integrate itself within the international trade framework. Finally, the economic expansion that China is currently experiencing is touched upon as a result of these historical and structural advancements and the social factors of Chinese society are as a key component of Chinese enterprise now and in the future."
Analyzes emergent capitalism created by Den Xiaoping and the policies after his death. Examines the culture compared to the U.S., globalism, Chinese views on power and class, politics, regional relations, values and future.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, 1999, $ 119.95
Abstract When Deng Xiaoping came to power in the early 1980s, China was attempting to deal with the expanded capitalism that had been suggested as a result of the state visit of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger. By adopting a modified version of capitalism, known generally as "socialistic capitalism" Deng Xiaoping instituted wide-sweeping social and economic reforms in the attempt to turn a Communist society into one where personal income was not only accepted but seen as a logical goal (Nathan & Shi, 1996, 534).
From the Paper "THE OPEN DOOR POLICIES OF DENG XIAOPING
Introduction
When Deng Xiaoping came to power in the early 1980s, China was attempting to deal with the expanded capitalism that had been suggested as a result of the state visit of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger. By adopting a modified version of capitalism, known generally as "socialistic capitalism" Deng Xiaoping instituted wide-sweeping social and economic reforms in the attempt to turn a Communist society into one where personal income was not only accepted but seen as a logical goal (Nathan & Shi, 1996, 534). China, whose very name means "The Middle Kingdom" (as in the center of the world), having some 7,000 years worth of "adapting" quickly assumed some of the aspects of ..."
Abstract "China today is a country working to develop a more viable economic system, one that fits better with the global economy of the rest of the world. Premier Deng Xiaoping has instituted a number of reforms which have helped transform the Chinese economy, and the success of these reforms is indicated by the continuous growth China has seen in its GDP since the late 1970s.
From the Paper "China today is a country working to develop a more viable economic system, one that fits better with the global economy of the rest of the world. Premier Deng Xiaoping has instituted a number of reforms which have helped transform the Chinese economy, and the success of these reforms is indicated by the continuous growth China has seen in its GDP since the late 1970s. Foreign investment has been a major factor in this growth cycle, and such investment has been attracted in part because of the reforms and also because of the huge market represented by the population of China.
The reform program had by 1987 pushed the Chinese economy well on its way toward achieving modernization and improved living standards, and the potential for further improvements in efficiency and productivity was increased by the revival of the ..."
Abstract Shows attempts to combine a centrally-planned state sector with a market-driven sector. Examines the concept of the "household responsibility system" initiated by Deng Xiaoping. Describes the unequal incomes and barriers imposed by the "hukou" system.
From the Paper "Historically, the lives of China's citizens has differed sharply depending on whether they were born in a city or born in the countryside. For centuries, industry, including agriculture, was run by state-owned institutions ..."
Abstract This paper examines the causes of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, including the Great Leap Forward and Mao's subsequent loss of absolute power. Through the fanaticism of his youthful followers, known as the Red Guards, Mao was launched back into power and unleashed a reign of terror across China. In this research paper, there is special emphasis on the destruction caused by the Red Guards, including, but not limited to, book burning, vandalism, torture, and even murder. This paper essentially discusses the nature of fanatical Maoist ideology. It supports its thesis through the use of primary sources, such as biographies of those who survived the cultural revolution and documents from the period including movies, music, posters, and government documents. A full biography and footnotes in Chicago Manual/Turabian style are included.
From the Paper "During the 20th century, China experienced unprecedented turmoil and instability. In 1911, the Imperial Ch?ing dynasty was overthrown only to be replaced by two decades of constant civil war and anarchy. Although Chiang Kaishek managed to unify the country in 1928, his rule saw further trouble including the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and a communist insurrection led by Mao Zedong. Following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, Chiang Kaishek, despite some initial successes was defeated at the hands of the communists and was forced to flee to Taiwan. Mao Zedong announced the birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Throughout his reign, China suffered from several disasters including the Great Leap Forward, the Hundred Flowers Campaign, but especially the Cultural Revolution. Lasting from roughly 1966-1976, the Cultural Revolution has been considered the most violent and chaotic period in China's modern history. During this era, China experienced the triumph of ideological fanaticism over pragmatism, the mass execution of millions of people, and the near destruction of ancient Chinese culture."
Abstract This paper analyzes the rapid pace of economic and political change in China, explaining that both have shifted into was seems to be an on-going expansion into a capitalist system. The paper contends that, since all of the early reforms, a new class of wealthy and prosperous Chinese has emerged, not to mention the great growth of the Chinese middle class, which is now comparable to that in the United States. The paper describes how China has changed from a socialist society that restricted private lives and affairs to a consumer society with increased economic freedom and individual participation.
From the Paper "A second influence from China's past that continues to manifest itself in contemporary Chinese politics is the influence of what is known as guanxi, ?a network of patron/client ties that stretch from the top to the bottom of the Chinese political hierarchy.? 4 This concept clearly reveals that such connections can be explained in terms of the relationship between the major figures and the secondary/tertiary figures in the Chinese political system. With this in mind, the Cultural Revolution is a splendid example of Mao's manipulation of the guanxi system and his elimination of his rivals, such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Interestingly enough, the obvious failure of Hua Guofeng to bring about his position as Mao's successor between 1977 and 1979 can be traced to his somewhat lacking guanxi connections within the party/state hierarchy; in contrast, Deng Xiaoping who possessed a very wide and complex guanxi network quickly took over as the leader of China following the death of Mao Tse-tung."
Abstract This paper explains that, with the death of Mao Zedong and the rise to power of Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China gradually returned to the arena of world trade and commerce; market-oriented reforms came into place, and economic decision-making was decentralized so that China's output has increased fourfold, even though the communists still rule China. The author points out that many Chinese have gone to the U.S. for higher studies in the field of technology and have returned to China, creating a future potential for greater facilitation of U.S.-China cooperation in the fields of science and technology. The paper relates that the Western world tends to communicate more explicitly, while the Chinese communicate more through implied meanings, or in a manner that the meaning has to be inferred; the Western world has a more overt manner of expression of honesty, being more transparent, while the Chinese are less transparent, tending to be subtle and nonverbal.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Political Environment
Financial Environment
Technological Environment
Ethical Considerations
Cultural Considerations
Business Customs
Conclusion
From the Paper "In spite of all the good intentions of the Chinese leadership to improve the English language skills in China, it would be better for any organization intent on doing serious business in China to have all their information material prepared in Chinese. This Chinese language material and the use of a Chinese speaker or interpreter will go a long way in creating an initial good impression and proving the seriousness of intent of the organization. It may be also useful to use local expertise especially when dealing with the bureaucracy and the legal system. Besides proving useful in these areas, it also conveys that the organization realizes the importance of relationships, which is a very integral part of the way Chinese prefer to do business. The reliability of the local agent or partner has to be scrutinized well before entering into any kind of arrangement. Another aspect is to ensure that there is sufficient motivation for the agent or partner to fulfill the obligations of the arrangement and that all provisions of the arrangement are in keeping with the laws of the land so that he can deliver the provisions of the arrangement."
Abstract This paper firstly discusses the impact of multinational corporations and foreign direct investment (FDI) on China since 1978 . It continues to explore the steady growth in the Chinese economy since 1978 that expanded foreign trade and raised annual income per capita. The author expands on economic reforms and the entry of MNCs into China. In conclusion, it describes the Communist government's emphasis on central planning, Deng and the modernization of the Chinese economy.
Abstract This paper explains China's political development from the point of view of a writer who is sympathetic to what Communism promised the Chinese masses and slightly critical of what has taken form. It provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng.
From the Paper "This paper provides a critical review of developments in China after the success of the Communist Revolution of 1949, through to the 1978 reforms of Deng. These, more or less, indicated the failure of Marxist-Leninist Communism in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1982, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) would step away from Maoism towards a Party governed by a Constitution. In closing one era of Chinese Communism and moving on to another, the CCP noted the strong contributions of Chairman Mao in establishing the People's Republic of China, but indicated the need for further revision. "
