Abstract The history of the Cyprus dispute offers insight into how the human needs and Transcend approaches could help resolve the dispute between Greece and Turkish Cypriots. History of the conflict.
From the Paper The dispute between Greek and Turkish Cypriots over the island'spolitical destiny is often seen as one of the world's intractableconflicts In this respect the Cyprus dispute resembles other tragic andseemingly endless feuds over sovereignty such as thos
Tags: Transcend, Human Needs, Cyprus, Conflict Resolution
Abstract This paper explains that Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 and had been successful in occupying approximately 40% of the territory. The author points out that today the ethnic division of Cyprus is (1) approximately 75% Greek Cypriots and (2) Turkish Cypriots, who are Sunni Muslims. This paper relates that both communities express their love for Cyprus but are unwillingness to aspire to a united Cyprus.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Lives of the People before the Invasion
The Ethnic background
Religion
Language
Culture
Allegiance
Traditions
Literature
Unity
Equality
Patriotism
The Lives of the People after the Invasion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The invasion also allowed the Turks to establish their authority on the Greeks. They disallowed the Greek refugees from entering the lands that they had occupied. This is because the Greeks had threatened to wage war against not only the Turkish Cypriots, but also Turkey. Furthermore, both communities of Cyprus started looking up to the Americans for political rewards and punishments. Halil Ibrahim Salih (1978) writes, "The Turks thus hope that the strain of caring for 180,000 refugees will weaken Greek resolve and that Greece will be forced to accept establishment of a bizonal federation on Cyprus ... .""
Abstract This paper explains that, although both Hungary and Cyprus are international crossroads nations, their experiences as members of the EU are likely to be very different. The writer states that it is already clear that old economic and political habits die hard in Hungary and that nation is likely to toddle along, perhaps helped economically by EU membership, but perhaps not very much. On the other hand, the writer points out that it is clear that Cyprus has been able to use its position, despite its continuing unsettled Turkish-Greek political situation, to take full advantage of membership and become a financial powerhouse in the region.
Outline:
Introduction
A Tale of Two Nations
Hungary
Cyprus Conclusion
From the Paper "In fact, Cyprus, a year after EU accession, has seen exactly the economic benefits it sought and expected. Cyprus Minister of Finance Iacovos Keravnos particularly cited the economic benefits of the Cyprus pound joining the EU Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II). This would add to the benefits already experienced including the "stability of the Cyprus pound's exchange rate, the convergence of Cypriot interest rates with those of the Eurozone, the restraint of production costs, improved competitiveness, and the attraction of foreign investment" (Xinhua News Agency 2005)."
Abstract This seven-page Masters level paper discusses Cyprus' current position in the world economy. Moreover, it proposes a plan whereby it can attract international business and retain it to join the big players.
Abstract This paper examines the historical relationship between Turkey and the European Union and analyze the five demands most recently placed on Turkey by the EU in order to be considered for full membership into the organization - Turkey must pursue political and economic reforms; address human rights issues; improve its relationship with Greece; support UN mediation efforts in Cyprus and finally Turkey must not object to Cyprus? EU membership.
From the Paper "Turkey spans two continents. It wants to play a role in the affairs of both. Turkey is active in affairs of the Middle East, the Turkish-speaking former Soviet Republics such as Turkministan, and in European political, security, and economic organizations. Turkey is a member of every European organization except the European Union. It plays an active role in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which protected western Europe against Soviet aggression. Turkey has wanted to join the European Union for a long time. The EU has rebuffed it for many reasons including Turkey;s political structure, human rights abuses, and having a weak economy. But Turkey feels like the real reason that they have not been accepted is that they are a Muslim nation. This paper will examine the historical relationship between Turkey and the European Union and analyze the five demands most recently placed on Turkey by the EU in order to be considered for full membership into the organization."
This paper discusses the role of the Republic of Turkey in contemporary politics as the only modern, secular Muslim state after its revolution during years 1910-1923.
Abstract This paper looks at the fundamental principles of Turkey's foreign policy. It examines Turkey's role in World War II and asks whether the country was completely neutral or not. It discusses Turkey's membership in the United Nations; the conflicts between the Soviets and the Turks; the importance of the Korean War for the Turks; the role of Turkey as the only Muslim state in NATO; the Turks and the Greeks and Cyprus; the 1991 Gulf War and Turkey's role as the critical ally of the U.S ,and finally, Turkey in the EU.
From the Paper ""History has seen many great people. It has seen Alexander the Great's, Napoleon's, Washington's. However, in the twentieth century, the record for greatness was broken by Ataturk, this Turkish son of a Turk." as L'IIIustration Newspaper of France states after the death of a great leader, a true liberator in 1938. Among the great leaders of history, few have achieved so much in so short period, transformed the life of a nation as decisively, and given such profound inspiration to the world at large. With the foundation of today's Republic of Turkey in 1923, Ataturk, literally the Father of the Turks, came up with a huge package of reforms to transform the sick, old Ottoman state into a young, modern Republic and a nation. This set of reforms is called Kemalism and it is the introduction and the rendering of the rights to the nation. It is the expression of the national sovereignty. It is an attempt to reach the level of the modern civilizations, it is westernization, modernization. It requires to experience a modern social life, to establish a secular state, and to govern with a positive science mentality. Ataturk's words, which were brought by the idea of Kemalism, ?Peace at home, peace in the world,? give the basic principle of him about his views on world politics within his own nation and also in the world."
Tags:cyprus, empire, foreign, greece, greek, korean, nato, ottoman, policy, republic, turk, turkish, war, world
Abstract The paper discusses Greece's relationship with the European Union (EU) and the part Greece plays in the relationship between the Balkans and the EU. The paper notes the strategic position of Greece towards Turkey, the island of Cyprus and the Middle East. The paper then examines the economic and cultural dimensions of Greece's presence in the region.
From the Paper "Greece can be considered to be one of the most important countries in the European Union and of the region. This is largely due to its geostrategic position as well as the resources it has at its disposal in terms of financial and political capital. At the same time, it represents a connecting point for two essential regions of the world, Europe and the Middle East. Through its geographical position as well as through the capabilities it uses on a constant basis in order to lead a coherent political direction, Greece is viewed today as a crucial actor in this part of the world."
Tags: Balkans, European, Union, Turkey, Cyprus, Middle, East
Abstract This is paper bases its discussion on the sociological hypothesis that " external conflict promotes internal cohesion". The author looks at the study by sociologists Kyriacos Markides and Steven Cohn who found that the effect that the Turkish invasion had on the Greek Cypriot community showed the hypothesis to be untrue, and suggests factors that may have produced this result.
From the Paper "Within the world of Sociology (specifically the world of social conflict theory) there exists the hypothesis that ?external conflict promotes internal cohesion" within a group that is antagonized by another. Yet in order for this to happen certain conditions by the oppressed group must be met. The group must be a "going concern", in other words members of the group must feel that its preservation is important and "the threat must be perceived to be against the group as a whole, not just a part".
In regards to this hypothesis a study was done on the country of Cyprus by Sociologists Kyriacos Markides and Steven Cohn. Their findings on the effect that the Turkish invasion had on the Greek Cypriot community showed the hypothesis to be untrue. Dominance by an antagonistic group did not bring Greek Cypriots together but rather split them apart. Their analysis of Cyprus took the hypothesis one step further, insisting that ?one factor determining whether external conflict produces internal consensus is the degree of preexisting unity,? thus arguing that this unity did not exist within Greek Cypriot society."
Tags: cohesion, conflict, ethnicity, external, race, social
Abstract As the central character in William Shakespeare's famous tragedy, Othello is generally considered to be a heroic individual. By examining the text of the play, and by comparison with another, widely recognized heroic character, Jesus Christ, this paper argues that Othello's claim to heroic status should be affirmed.
From the Paper "Othello was a nobleman and an African Moor by birth, who rose to acclaim the position of Governor-General of Cyprus, which was a city-state within Venice. In addition to being the highest rank within the military of his state, the title of Governor-General ensured that Othello was regarded with respect and admiration by the vast majority of society. His status as heroic is made apparent early in the play when, as he enters a room which is occupied by a gathering of senators and noblemen, one of the senators declares, "Here comes Barbantio and the valiant Moor" (Act 1, Scene 3). Therefore, on a superficial level alone, the nobility of his birth, the power and respect accorded by his social position, and his physical appearance, of height and strength, fulfils many of the generally regarded requirements of a hero. This initial profile of Othello is also in stark contrast to that of Jesus Christ, who is born into a life of poverty, achieves the title of "carpenter", and is neither tall nor strong in appearance."
Tags: christ, religion, heroic, cyprus, venice, sacrifice, life
From the Paper "It sometimes seems that the nations of Greece and Turkey should take up the poet Robert Frost's axiom that "Good fences make good neighbors", for the two countries have been continually, if intermittently, at conflict with each other for centuries. At the moment, tensions have relaxed as much as they have during any time in the last quarter-century and it would be all too easy to indulge in a sense of giddy optimism over the state of affairs in this part of the world if one had not seen all of this happen before, only to see the countries once more fall into roles of antagonism. This paper looks at the historical roots of this regional antagonism and at what basis there is for current optimism.
The paper focuses on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, partitioned for the past quarter century between Turks and ..."
From the Paper "This research examines the "Cyprus Problem" which has divided the island and defied solution. The United Kingdom was a long-time colonial occupier of the island, and remains one of the protector states along with Turkey to guarantee independence for Cyprus. British policy towards the Cyprus Problem is a focus of this research.
The Cypriot Issue
Since the creation in 1960 of the independent nation of Cyprus, the country frequently has been referred to as the "reluctant republic." The ethnic division of the island's population is approximately 80 percent Greek and 20 percent Turk. The great majority of Greek Cypriots long have pushed for union with ..."
Abstract This paper discusses one of the most popular and influential books of the 1900's, "Exodus" by Leon Uris. The paper outlines that even though the book is not necessarily written on a high literary level, it has achieved widespread success and appeals to many readers. The writer claims that this success is due to its clear, concise style of writing and its vivid and active imagery.
From the Paper "Exodus was written in the late 1950's and quickly gained international success, becoming the biggest bestseller in the United States since Gone with the Wind. Exodus is set in the 1930's and 1940's as the nation of Israel is coming into existence. The story focuses on an Israeli freedom fighter and an American nurse, and begins on the Island of Cyprus, an internment camp for Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. The Jewish people try to escape Cyprus, and Ari, the freedom fighter, and Kitty, the American nurse meet on the ship, the Exodus. The rest of the story follows their lives after they land in Israel."
Abstract This paper examines the issue of identity among the Maronite Christians in Lebanon, providing first a brief historical background and then discussing how they have pursued various strategies for determining for themselves who it is that they are. The primary Maronite group is a Christian community of Arabs centered in Lebanon and in communion with the Pope. Smaller Maronite groups also exist in Cyprus, Palestine, Syria, and the United States, with a total number throughout the world of about 1.3 million. It examines how the self discovery process is especially difficult since they are the minority in their own culture surrounded by majority groups who are overtly hostile towards them.
From the Paper "The group's roots lie in the seventh century when members adhered to the (then) heresy of Monothelitism. Monothelitism was the belief--which was held in conformity to traditional Christian doctrine--that Christ had two distinct natures, divine and human, but also held that the two natures are manifested in a single will and activity. The doctrine of Monothelitism was first promulgated about 624 by Byzantine emperor Heraclius, in an attempt to reconcile the orthodox point of view that Christ has two natures, with the heretical belief of the Monophysites that he has but one. By this reconciliation Heraclius hoped to bring back into the church the thousands of Monophysites who had been excommunicated for heresy. The result of the promulgation of Monothelitism, however, was not greater unity in the church and empire, but further division, as is so often the case with such well-meaning compromises."
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the theme of isolation in Shakespeare's "Othello", Homer's "Odyssey", and in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight". The paper looks at how the theme of isolation is treated as either a corrupting influence or a positive influence by the respective authors.
From the Paper "Almost all worthy pieces of literature deal with the question of isolation of the lead characters. Isolation of the hero is used for many reasons. It can be used to create a setting where the hero is questioned or tested for his moral courage. It may also be used for soliloquy where the hero uses the time for self-reflection and self-analysis. It may be seen that isolation as a theme has been used by many literary experts to aggravate the difficulties of the characters because there is a general belief that isolation increases the problem of a person. Isolation allows a person to be his natural self and so he lets down his ostentatious pomp and ceremony, which actually makes him conform to his animal desires. Isolation is also seen as a punishment that tempts men to perform acts that would not be true to their honor. However, isolation is also a tool that enhances the love between people who are distant from each other because it is seen that pure love only gets enhanced by being isolated. The pangs that one has for his love are enhanced by isolation. So it can be seen that isolation is presented both as a corrupting influence as well as positive influence by eminent authors."
Tags:cyprus, desdemona, physical, distance, loved, ulysses, marooned, island, noble, knight
Abstract This paper provides a brief overview of the ongoing struggle between Greece and Turkey. The paper describes the history of their relations, the wars fought between the two countries, massacres of populations and occupations of land, British involvement in the struggle, present day relations, as well as the current political situation in Cyprus.
From the Paper "Despite many commonalitities, Greece and Turkey have been at odds for hundreds of years (Turkey pp). Although many subscribe to the myth of ancient hatred, there is however, a history of conflict that dates back to the entry of Turkish nomads into the Byzantine Empire in the 11th century, the eventual collapse of the Byzantine, the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the long dominance of the Ottoman Dynasty over Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean islands (Turkey pp). Throughout history, the strategic location of the small Mediterranean island of Cyprus has been of interest of several states that sought to gain a foothold for Middle East invasions (Meier Pp). Greece gained control of the island in the 13th century B.C. and dominated the island until the Ottoman takeover of 1571, after which Turkish immigrants began to inhabit the island (Meier Pp). During the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of its war with Russia, the United Kingdom negotiated to become the protecting power over Cyprus and officially gained sovereignty over the island in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne, making the island a British Crown Colony until its independence in 1960 (Meier Pp). Since Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1832, relations between Greece and Turkey have been marked by mutual hostility resulting in four wars, The Greco-Turkish War of 1897, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the First World War 1914-1918, and the Greco-Turkish War 1919-1922 (Ottoman pp)."
