Abstract This paper discusses Jim Cummins' article, "A Theoretical Framework for Bilingual Special Education," in which he argued that racism and discrimination were the main reasons for poor academic results among minority students during the latter part of the 20th century. The paper discusses racism in the classroom and Cummins' proposed intervention model to combat the issues.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Racism and Discrimination within the Classroom
Cummins' Proposed Intervention Model
Conclusion
From the Paper "The dramatic increase of minority students attending educational establishments in the United Kingdom, and the many issues and challenges that this has raised, continues to be widely debated throughout Britain's political and educational arenas. Enabled through the Government's decision to allow new member states within the European Union to have free access to the United Kingdom's labour market, there has been a tremendous influx of Eastern European workers over the past three years."
Abstract This paper studies how Canada currently teaches English to non-native English speakers. The paper criticizes the system for focusing too much on exams such as the TOEFL, while failing to truly teach students how to function in an English-speaking environment. Then the paper presents a research-based review of new teaching models, including the Cummins model.
From the Paper "There are various subjective factors that can influence the acquisition of a second language, such as age, the environment, and the learners' self-esteem. Also, objective factors like the teaching model and assessment approach adopted by different teachers can influence the persons' English skills. The huge ESL group includes students who are taking the courses for higher education; adult professionals who want to master fluent English in order to find jobs in their chosen field; and some others with various interests. Therefore, ESL curriculum should be designed separately to meet the needs of different groups so that they are able to learn more effectively. However, as far as I am concerned, the existing ESL teaching models are not clearly classified despite the constantly developments. The so-called ESL problems are still the obstacles resulting low grades in students' academic studies or downward shift in adults' positions."
Abstract In this article, the writer first enumerates the most essential linguistic human rights (LHR) that the Spanish-speaking community in the US should have. The writer then discusses this issue with relation to internal usage at the workplace. The latter half of the paper puts the spotlight on bilingual education in the US schooling system as a contested LHR arena, particularly in Latino dominated territories. In this regard, the writer refers to Cummin's common underlying proficiency hypothesis as a first step in dispelling fallacious notions concerning bilingual education and then briefly mentions several supplemental steps that can bolster and secure the institution of bilingual education.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Need for LHR in Various Societal Domains
Language Rights in the Workplace
The Workplace as an Arena for Language Acquisition
Linguistic Human Rights and Bilingual Education
Language Acquisition in Theory: Cummin's CUP Hypothesis
A Multi-Tiered Approach in Empowering Bilingual Education
Conclusion
From the Paper "In addition to the aforementioned, Del Valle contends that theorists and professionals in the field of bilingualism, in many cases, are not united in the fight for bilingual education. The California Proposition 227 had its genesis in certain Latino families who denounced bilingual education and withheld their children from going to school. This was, of course, seized upon by the media and blown out of proportion. Thus, efforts must be made to educate parents and foster stronger ties between language minority parents and experts in agitating for language rights. Another step in ameliorating the tension is the role of the bilingual educators themselves. Del Valle rightly points out that they hold the key to the success of bilingual education."
Abstract Bilingual education programs set up to provide support to non-English-speaking children allow immigrant children to keep up with studies in other academic subjects while they work on their English skills. The paper shows that the controversy over the effectiveness of bilingual education programs continues to rage in the community as educators attempt to find ways to accommodate the needs of the increasing numbers of immigrant children. Thus far, there is no conclusive evidence that bilingual education programs or other strategies provide the best education for immigrant children. The paper discusses how past experiences have shown that immigrant children from different parts of the world perform differently in response to particular strategies. Socio-economic backgrounds of the immigrant children may also be a decisive factor in determining the outcome of the children's success. The paper concludes that it is ultimately up to the parents and educators to collaborate in order to provide an education that caters to the individualized needs of their children.
From the Paper "However, critics of bilingual education point out that bilingual education programs have been an utter failure in enabling immigrant children to succeed in schools. Even after thirty years of implementation, there is still no indication that bilingual education programs work in helping non-English-speaking students succeed. They argue that immigrant children are still dropping out of schools in droves and few immigrant children transition to full English instruction classes (Rothstein, 1998, p. 672). According to these critics, the premise of bilingual education classes is a divisive concept that slows down the assimilation process of these immigrant children. By keeping children straddled between two worlds, bilingual education advocates are sabotaging the immigrant children's chances of learning a sufficient level of English to allow them to survive in the workplace (Rothstein, 1998, p. 672). Immigrant children who are immersed in their native language at school and at home will not feel the incentive to tackle the difficult challenge of learning another language (Rothstein, 1998, p. 679)."
Abstract This paper analyzes the Cummings Company. The paper describes the nature of the organization, including the purpose of its existence and how the organization is presently managing technology, in terms of technology change, competition, to gain a competitive advantage.
Abstract This paper provides an in-depth view of the highway truck engine industry. It looks at the current trends and top players in the industry, and examines environmental issues connected to it.
Paper Outline:
Executive Summary
3 Top Players of the Industry
Industry Composition and Concentration
Industry Growth - Past, Present and Future
Current Strengths, Weaknesses and Opportunities
Cost Patterns and Profitability Patterns
Environmental Dimensions
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "This may be viewed as part of the organization's efforts to help in shaping the national energy plan. The aim of this resolution is to increase the diesel fuel supply; improve the balance between environmental issues and efficiency of fuel; eliminate the levels of boutique diesel fuels; and "promote bio-diesel use" of up to 5%. The resolution views that bio-diesel may be an efficient way to further the supply of diesel fuel. The use of bio-diesel fits in with the requirements of the truck industry to have a sufficient diesel fuel supply. (National Biodiesel Board, 2005)"
