Abstract A variety of reasons influenced Khrushchev's decision to install missiles into Cuba, including pressures from home, the U.S., Europe, China, and Cuba itself. This essay examines the importance of the different factors, and in doing so challenges the often held theory that Kennedy won, and Khrushchev lost.
From the Paper "In international opinion, the Soviet Union was largely held to have been defeated in the Cuban Missile Crisis, having been 'successfully rebuffed' by John F. Kennedy, who had displayed 'cool nerve during an extraordinarily dangerous situation' . Such was the nature of the Soviet Union's perceived defeat that it influenced a break in Sino-Soviet relations; the Chinese viewing the Soviet Union's withdrawal of nuclear missiles in response to a U.S. quarantine as a sign of their weak resolve in the face of U.S. strength; thus, the Soviet Union did not warrant her status as the protector of world communism. In the West, the Soviet Union was widely regarded as having been the aggressor, and her placing of missiles in Cuba was an aggressive policy which could have resulted in nuclear war. Khrushchev defended himself, claiming that his sole purpose had been in 'protecting the freedom-loving people of Cuba' , a purpose in which he had been entirely successful as he had stalled imminent U.S. military action against Cuba, and had extracted a promise from the U.S. not to support action against Cuba in the future. However, none of these viewpoints reflected the full picture. Khrushchev had never intended nuclear war, neither had he solely sought to protect Cuba from U.S. aggression. Indeed, Khrushchev can be shown to have had a wide range of aims and objectives, some realised, some failed, but which question the plausibility of his perceived 'defeat'."
Abstract The policies of dictator Fidel Castro have improved some aspects of life in Cuba, yet imposed such hardship some Cubans are willing to risk death to leave. While Castro's regime has improved literacy, health care, and athletic achievement, daily deprivation and loss of personal freedom has driven many individuals, particularly artists and intellectuals, from their native land. This paper traces Cuba's political history and examines in particular influences of Castro's policies in the areas of health, sports, and the arts.
Abstract This paper is a personal discussion on Cuba from an anthropological which includes academic sources. It explores arts in Cuba, focusing on music and dance as cultural expressions also mentioned are Afro-Cuban rhythms. The paper also highlights music before and after the revolution. The author researches the Santeria religion.
From the Paper "The new trend in anthropology today seems to be to conduct research in your own backyard. As a person with two backyards one in my homeland of the United States and the other in the Cuban homeland of my father's ancestors, I was fortunate to be able to take ..."
Abstract The paper offers an overview of the U.S. boycott of Cuba. The paper examines reasons for the boycott, evaluates the economic sanctions and comments on the consequences for the U.S. and Cuban economy.
From the Paper "This essay reviews the trade boycott of Cuba by the United States. At the outset of this essay, two points must be made and understood. First, the boycott exists in the form of sanctions. The sanctions affect trade in that among others things the sanctions prohibit most trade between Cuba and companies based in the United States. (Thomchick Young Ruamsook)"
Abstract This term paper explores 'The Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba', and explains the significance of US-Cuban relations through the eyes of liberals and realists.
Outline:
An Alternative Explanation: Realist Theory
The Liberal View
Conclusion
From the Paper "Over the past few decades, U.S-Cuban relations have soured as the U.S has promoted the establishment of democracy in Cuba. Conflicting with the U.S's liberal principles, the socialist Republic of Cuba and its leader Fidel Castro have been accused of violating numerous human rights through oppression of individual rights and harsh executions. As an attempt to liberate Cubans from the oppressive regime, The Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba was created by the U.S. This commission, for which President George W. Bush approved $80 million, seeks to promote democratic change in Cuba. In addition, the U.S has also supported any Cuban government following the current regime which would allow for free elections and an end to repression (Gollust). The U.S's support for a Cuban democracy is seen as a move towards pushing Cuba into adopting a representative democracy with a free market economy (Factsheet: Commission for....), clarifying the immediate goals of the Commission. However, why does the U.S want to democratize its socialist neighbor?"
Abstract This paper examines Cuba's 1959 revolution and what Cuba holds for its people today in an effort to determine what Cuba's economic and political future will be without the leadership of Fidel Castro. The paper considers several factors relevant to Cuba's future including its culture, its relationship with the Soviet Union and its economy.
Introduction
Old Cuba and Monoculture
The Cuban Revolution
Cuba's Relationship with the Soviet Union
Leadership Transition
Cuba's New Economy
Cultural Change
From the Paper "In 1959, Fidel Castro and his movement "enjoyed overwhelming popular support" (Perez-Stable 7). The Cuban people had never idolized someone like him or held anyone so beloved before. They truly believed in his extraordinary leadership and vision. In many ways, he was the perfect everyman and had an ability to relate to all Cubans on many levels. He pleased the people by delivering old promises of social change and was able to placate Old Cuba's military unlike leaders before him. However, many new ideals brought to fruition during this time did not agree with the United States or its foreign policies toward the market. The United States wanted to keep Cuba dependent on the relationship. The Cuban Revolution and leadership "focused on three crucial elements in consolidating its rule: developing the economy, seeking new international allies, and constituting a new political authority" (Perez-Stable 10). Out of this grew a new conciencia or consciousness based greatly on the well being of the collective people as being crucial to economic success and strengthening Anti-American sentiment."
Abstract In this article, the writer researches the political developments in Cuba during the Eisenhower administration. The writer looks at how the Eisenhower administration viewed and reacted to political developments in Cuba during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. The writer notes that the relationship between the United States and Cuba changed under the leadership of Dwight Eisenhower for many reasons, which include the fact that during the Eisenhower administration the United States had begun with a plot to overthrow Fidel Castro's leadership in Cuba. Further, the writer points out that there are certainly other factors that were key to many of the policies and decisions made by the administration during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and that all of those cannot be within the scope of the present work. However, the writer notes that it is clear that economic drivers were largely calculated into U.S. policy during the time of Eisenhower's presidency. These were characterized by nuclear arms creation and buildup and communist threats arising throughout the globe. Furthermore, the writer concludes that the proximity of Cuba and the association with communist forces played a great role in the decision-making process in Washington.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
American Interests in Cuba Defined
The Background of Dwight D. Eisenhower
The Background of Fidel Castro
Economic Reasons Castro Gained Support in the Revolt
American Policy Toward Cuba - Assistance to Batista
Fidel Castro's Revolt Ousts Batista
Bilateral Attack Launched on Castro by the U.S.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Analysis and Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "Eisenhower's form of leadership was one that delegated responsibility, appearing as though he was not making key decisions and working only behind the scenes. The Domestic Policy of Eisenhower one a middle of the road policy balancing the freedom of the individual with the needs demanded in consideration of the whole nation as well. Eisenhower did not believe in intervention on a federal level of economic or social aspects and stressed the balancing of the budget. During the Eisenhower administration the welfare state experienced growth and social security was provisioned to 10 million more than previously and minimum wage was raised as well. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare was created and the polio vaccine was distributed. During the Eisenhower administration the highway system came into being along with the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956 with 42,000 miles of interstate funded through fuel and vehicle taxes. Job growth was stimulated as the trucking and automobile industries fought for laws and up sprang the fast food and motel industries which accelerated the growth of suburbs and a homogeneous national culture simultaneously. It was the fear of Eisenhower that defense spending of massive proportions would result in an unstable economy and development of a military industrial complex."
Abstract Examines historical U.S. policy toward Cuba. The subversion by the U.S. of Cuba's attempts at sovereignity & economic independence. History of U.S. involvement . Establishment of U.S. military presence . Platt Amendment. U.S. business interests in Cuba. Cuba sugar & U.S. corporations. Dependency of Cuba's economy on price of sugar. Fidel Castro & U.S. policy. U.S. trade embargo.
From the Paper "The many complaints that the United States has against Fidel Castro's regime in Cuba can nearly all be traced back to root causes either created or influenced by United States policy. Over the course of Cuba's history the U.S. has systematically subverted both Cuba's attempts at sovereignty and its advancements towards economic independence. By acting against the formation of an independent Cuba and supporting despotic regimes, the U.S. fostered a strong anti-American sentiment in the minds of the Cuban people. All of these factors worked together to contribute to the current and longstanding problems between the U.S. and Cuba.
The U.S. began their direct involvement in Cuba at the end of Cuba's war for independence. Though there was little effort necessary to push the Spanish out of Cuba and its other..."
Abstract This paper explains that the Cuban Missile Crisis remains one of the primary reasons why Castro is held at arm's length by the U.S. government even as other parts of the world have ceased being Communist-led or have sought some accommodation with the U.S. and achieved it. The author points out that the economy of Cuba has continued to deteriorate because Cuba was less able to get international assistance when the Soviet Union changed and was pressured by the United States to remove troops and other personnel from Cuba. The paper concludes that, for all the speculation made by various commentators, the form a post-Castro Cuba will take is unknown because the circumstances of the transition are not known, meaning whether Castro will be removed by death or by some other means, who will be his immediate successor and whether there will be any violence involved in the transition. Many quotations.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
History
U.S. Response
The Hawk's Cay Conference
Latin America
Florida
The Cuban Economy
The Promise of Castro
Cuba after Castro
Future of U.S. Policy
Projections into the Future
Discussion
From the Paper "The people reacted to poor economic conditions in 1994 by rioting in the capital. Even more Cubans now tried to reach the United States, producing a crisis so that President Clinton had to take steps to stop them. This produced a crisis in the U.S. as many in the Cuban community here objected. What the Clinton Administration did was to change the rules concerning the admittance and rejection of refugees from Cuba. The first of these changes is that Cubans who have been in detention camps in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base will be admitted to the United States over the next few years. This comes after several denials that those refugees would ever be allowed into the country."
Abstract The paper looks at the history of U.S.-Cuba relations. The paper examines the reasons behind the United States' trade embargo with Cuba and explores the economic impact of lifting this embargo. The paper discusses the economic benefits and opportunities for commercial enterprises that would arise from lifting the embargo, but also notes potential threats to American businesses. The paper discusses how Fidel Castro's ailing health of recent months has led to speculations concerning the future of Cuba and renewed debates concerning the U.S. trade embargo against this tiny island.
Outline:
Introduction
The Cuba Democracy Act
Impact of Lifting U.S. Embargo
Opportunities for Commercial Enterprise
Potential Threats to American Businesses
Reasons for U.S. Embargo
Total Impact on the U.S. Economy
Navajo Nation Signed Trading Deal with Cuba Impact of Fidel Castro's Illness
From the Paper "Fidel Castro has ruled Cuba through ten U.S. presidents. He took power in 1959, at the height of the Cold War, while Dwight D. Eisenhower was still in office. Although initially, he declared he was not a Communist, by the fall of 1960, thousands of Cubans were fleeing their homeland, for the reality was that Castro was establishing a Communist dictatorship (Montagne). Three months after taking office, John F. Kennedy authorized a covert invasion aimed at overthrowing Castro regime. However, it failed and was condemned by governments worldwide. This invasion basically gave Castro an excuse to allow Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, aimed at the United States (Montagne)."
Abstract The analysis begins with a recent incident where Cuba sentenced four prominent dissidents for sedition against the communist government. The paper discusses how other nations have tried to change Cuba's stance on human rights for their people but to no avail. A detailing of the present state along with recent happenings in Cuba are analyzed.
Abstract This paper provides an excellent examination of Cuba: its people, demography, birth rates, population growth, health care industry, economy, social relations, productivity, and government legislation. Cuba has come a long way since 1959. Cuba has taken a revolutionary path towards social transformation and a vastly different approach to birth control and maternal heath care than other Carribean and Latin American countries.
Abstract This paper attempts to encourage trade relations between Cuba and the United States and to remove the existing barriers that are currently in place. It examines how a well-established trade policy between both countries would help each country's economy see some form of growth and how each country should focus on the exportation of the good(s) in which they hold a competitive advantage.
Outline
Introduction
Areas of Trade
NAFTA Membership
Policy for Tourism
Impact on Cuba's Economy (GDP)
Impact on U.S. Economy (GDP)
Regions of the United States that will Benefit
Fiscal Policy - Private vs. Public Expenditures
U.S. Aid vs. Private Capital Loans
Growth Expectations for the United States
Growth Expectation for Cuba Tariffs
Conclusion
From the Paper "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has been an important force behind increasing trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. "By increasing trade primarily between Canada and the US and Mexico and the US, the economies of both Canada and Mexico have grown more integrated with, and dependent upon, the US market" (Moore, 2004). One argument for Cuba to join NAFTA is that the two are already linked politically. In other word, Cuba offers a form of a "release valve for Canadian and Mexican insecurities about sovereignty in the wake of NAFTA" (Moore, 2004)."
Abstract A comparison of the stature of human rights in Cuba and in the United States. The author contrasts between the legacy of communism that is evident in Cuba and holds limitations on the execution of human rights, and the practice of human rights in the United States. The paper looks into the concept of human rights with reference to rights of speech and religion.
From the Paper "The relationship between the United States and Cuba has been tense for the past 40 years, and there have been many confrontations between us. The U.S. had recognized the government in 1959 led by Castro, but when Cuba brought about the Marxist-Leninist system, things began to get tense. In 1960 the U.S. instituted an embargo against Cuba, and since then there has been many confrontations between the two countries. Our systems of government now vary greatly in many ways, especially regarding human rights. People are still trying to flee the communist clutches of Castro and come to the U.S. where they can be free."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion about the United States' sanctions against the nation of Cuba. The writer attempts to present both sides of the controversy regarding the sanctions against Cuba. The writer argues for lifting the sanctions, and then argues for maintaining them. Considerations on both sides include social concerns, military options and financial effects.
From the Paper "For the past four decades the United States have maintained sanctions against Cuba. The economic boycott has hit a standstill while the House and the Senate argue over what should be done about the situation. Travel bans and other sanctions have come under fire recently for several reasons(Leavitt pg 07A). Small steps have been taken to try and appease those who want the sanctions lifted while not going completely against those who want it maintained. The debate has sparked heated arguments on many levels of government in both nations(Leavitt pg 07A)."
