Abstract A historiographical case study of "The Strange Career of Jim Crow" by C. Van Woodward. Racial segregation practices in the South. The book's thesis that Jim Crow laws in the South were the result of national notions of white supremacy, and not specifically tied to Southern mores and practices.
From the Paper The Strange Career of Jim Crow C Van Woodward's The Strange Career of Jim Crow essentially followsthe chronology of racial segregation practices in the southern UnitedStates from the time of slavery through the s Throughout thediscussion Woodward relies
A comparison of the practical differences between the Nuremberg Laws in Germany and the Jim Crow Laws in the United States and the racism upon which each of these legal systems was based.
Abstract This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion
From the Paper "This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."
This paper reviews Merline Pitre's "In Struggle against Jim Crow: Lulu B. White and the NAACP, 1900-1957" (1999) by discussing the history of Jim Crow laws.
Abstract This paper explains that state laws called Jim Crow laws required or permitted separation of the races and denied the right to votein spite of the Fifteenth Amendment, which was known as ?disfranchisement.? The author emphasizes that Lulu B. White was a female activist, an executive secretary of the Houston branch of the NAACP, and the state director of branches for the NAACP during the mid-20th century, when such activism was frequently met with white violence and retribution. The paper stresses that the life and accomplishments of Lulu B. White provide clear evidence that leaders are not born, but rather are made by the circumstances in which people find themselves.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Author's Main Thesis
Scope of the Book
Subject
Time Period
Geographical Scope
Critique of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Jim Crow and How it Affected Lula B. White
Conclusion
From the Paper "The lingering effects of a failed Reconstruction were clearly apparent in this region of the country during this period in America's history. According to the author, ?During the era of Jim Crow, in certain sections of this region, black males were expected to tip their hats in the presence of whites, even if they were walking on the opposite sides of the street. Well into the 1940s, railroad porters were required to pull down the window shades on the "colored" side of passenger cards as the train passed through Grand Saline, a community twenty miles east of Elmo, to prevent upstanding white citizens from looking at black faces.? "
Abstract This paper explains that poets and prophets have traditionally used animal figures to convey criticism of the existing culture, endowing the natural with metaphoric importance. The author points out that Hughes slowly shapes the crow into a sort of prototype for evolved humanity, representing both our worst and best traits. This paper discusses that Hughes's poems use the crow as a metaphor for humanity. The paper relates that Hughes's work appears to be that of a human being experiencing the life of a raven-bird; a fallen creature, a trickster, and a graveyard for the bodies of those he eats.
From the Paper "It is in this poem in particular that one understands how the Crow might be seen as the shadow-self of human kind. He destroys everything around him in an attempt to destroy the "Black Beast" that the reader at least is becoming aware is the Crow himself. It is quite possible that humanity is the only species, which is its own worst enemy and predator. The greatest threats to humankind come from our own people, as the World Wars would have blatantly shown to Hughes. Repeatedly in the Crow poems, the bird looks at itself and its works in horror and sorrow. One can take examples from "The Black Beast" in which Crow hunts himself unknowingly in hunting the enemy, or from "Crow's Nerve Fails" in which he fully realizes the weight of murders that hang about his shoulders. Yet these are not the only examples."
Abstract A review of "The Strange Career of Jim Crow" by C. Vann Woodward. The paper explains the Jim Crow laws of segregation during the 1890's. The author analyzes the race relations of the 1800's and the division that existed in society.
From the Paper "This book shows us the history of the Jim Crow laws and American race relations in general during the late 1800s up until the 1950s, and how they changed during these periods. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was relatively a new concept to the area. The time in our history when laws of segregation arose is referred to as the Jim Crow system and the laws, the Jim Crow laws. Thomas D. Rice wrote a song and dance in 1832 called 'Jim Crow,' and that is where the term originated."
Tags: history, reconstruction, slavery, woodward, division, society, north, south
Abstract This paper discusses the leadership Chief Plenty Coups of the Crow Indians. The author relates his including life, pre-reservation and on the reservation. The paper describes his fight to obtain Crow Indian rights from the U.S. government.
From the Paper "Chief Plenty Coups of the Crow was born in the son of Medicine Bird and his wife Otter Woman. Chief Plenty Coups was named by his father as he had a dream that his son would count many coups live to an old age and become a chief ... of Plenty-Coups. All of these premonitions would be realized by Chief Plenty Coups and while he was instrumental in helping the Crow in battles against other ...."
Tags: Custer, Little Big Horn, education, ranching, farming, warrior, WWI, Crow Act 1920, Native Americans, unknown soldier, Congress, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Lakota Sioux, Montana, land rights
Abstract This paper is about the book, "Lakota Woman" by Mary Crow Dog. The paper looks at how Mary Crow Dog's account of the struggles of Native American women is not only about the struggles of traditional Native American women, but of Native American women, in general, as well. The paper summarizes Mary Crow Dog's description of how Native American women were treated within their tribes, the treatment of the Native American population by the U.S. government, the history of the Lakota people, and Mary Crow Dog's account of her own life.
From the Paper "The differentiated gender roles required women to be sexually submissive to their counterparts at a given whim. Rapes on reservations were and still are a big scandal. Mary talks about her desire for commitment in sexual relationships, unfortunately the men wanted no part of her philosophy. "If you didn"t cooperate then they were no longer interested in you as a person? (Crow Dog 68). The men went from woman to woman without thought of remaining loyal to one special someone. The Lakota men appear mean, yet magnificent at the same time. They were incredibly brave in defending Sioux women against the outside world but within Sioux culture they treated themselves as all-powerful and ignored the autonomy of women."
Abstract This paper explains that 8% of wrongful convictions are due to forced confessions prompted by the police. The author states that twelve-year-old Stephanie Crowe was found stabbed to death on her bedroom floor in 1998; however, the Crowe family's nightmare had only just started because her 14-year-old brother Michael was coerced by Escondido, California police detectives, who were so desperate for a confession to close this horrific crime that they overlooked crucial evidence, into confessing to the murder. The paper relates that the charges of murder were dropped before trial in February, 1999 after last-minute DNA testing found spots of Stephanie's blood on a sweatshirt worn by a transient man seen in the neighborhood the night of the killing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Crime
The Investigation
The Transient
Mass of Evidence
Under Suspicion
The Interrogation of Michael Crowe and Joshua Treadway
What Was Wrong With The Interrogation?
Aftermath of the Confessions
Preparing for Trial
Forensic Flip-flop
Preview of Evidence
The Richard Tuite theory
The Evidence in the Container
The Hearing
Prosecution's Confidence Enhanced
Defense's Rebuttal
The Crucial Hearing
Groundbreaking Evidence
A Conviction at Last
From the Paper "The detectives interrogating Michael Crowe crossed a clearly and explicitly defined line when they told Michael only by admitting he killed his sister they could help him and by telling him his parents no longer wanted him. According to a Crime Library Article, the police "used lies, false promises, isolation from parents and attorneys, even threats of adult prison and predatory older inmates" as techniques to elicit a confession. The treatment of Michael by detectives was clearly not according to protocol. The interrogation of Michael Crowe was against protocol and clearly was an enormous mistake made by detectives."
Abstract This paper is a reflection of the story by Richard Wright, "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow," and how racial discrimination, such as Jim Crow laws, still exist. The paper then explores racial profiling and how it exemplifies today's racial discrimination.
From the Paper "After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, African Americans seemed hopeful for a more just society filled with opportunities. However, instead, a secondary slavery took over as the Whites, especially of the South, felt the need to create a discriminating distinction between the Whites and Blacks. Jim Crow laws did just that, causing segregation and a feeling of inferiority among Negroes. After reading "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow" by Richard Wright, a first person narrative about living during the Jim Crow era, I felt the discrimination and obstacles Negroes had to face at that time. Wright describes the laws and regulations that Negroes had to abide by, which seem completely unconstitutional and completely detrimental to a harmonious society. Jim Crow laws were unconstitutional and immoral discrimination; and although proven so and abolished, the Jim Crow mentality is still prevalent today as evidenced by racial profiling."
Abstract This paper examines how segregation, which was established by the Jim Crow laws of the Civil War period and ended in the 1960s with the Civil Rights Act, saw the public separation of blacks and whites. It looks at how, nearly a century later, the Jim Crow laws of the late 19th century, along with the reversal of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, were re-examined for their constitutionality. In particular, it discusses how two important cases were Plessy vs. Ferguson, which established the legal mode of "separate but equal", and Brown vs. Board of Education, which ended racial segregation. It attempts to show how the historical analogy of these two events demonstrates that history helps to define our actions, allowing us to learn from past mistakes and generate new and better ideas for the future.
From the Paper "The civil rights struggle focused on reversing legal decisions made in the late 1800s, which were also supported for the first half of the 1900s. The eventual provision of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ending racial segregation was the result of an accumulated effort to organize individuals and groups to resist the acceptance of ?separate but equal.? The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) organized in 1909 with the mission to renew the civil and political liberties of all disadvantaged people, like the blacks who suffered the most under discrimination. The NAACP launched numerous public protests advocating the improved treatment of blacks. As the court cases that led up to legalized segregation established white dominance, the likewise assertion by groups like the NAACP and other civil-minded individuals, whites included, brought new cases to the Supreme Court."
Tags: jim, crow, laws, civil, rights, plessy, ferguson, brown
Abstract This paper examines how, after the end of reconstruction in 1877, African-Americans, particularly in the South, faced an uncertain time. It looks at how the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a dark time in history where racism and segregation were running rampant and how this was enforced, especially in the South by the Jim Crow laws which legalized segregation with the supposed policy of "separate but equal". The paper also examines how, in order to confront and overcome the effects of Jim Crow and racism the black middle class resorted to several tactics. These included using the politics and law, media exposure, economic support and preserving safety.
From the Paper "Politics and law played a large role in the black middle class attempting to confront and overcome Jim Crow and racism. Middle class blacks were determined to have their say in politics and encouraged the poorer class to vote. In some places such as Holy Springs, Mississippi they even went to the extent of coloring the Republican voting ballot a different color so that illiterate blacks would be able to know who they were voting for. When Tennessee replaced older laws that condoned segregation in response to the Civil Rights Act, four African Americans on the state legislature fought back. They attempted to repeal the laws but ultimately failed. They did however gain a compromise from the white legislators that granted first class accommodation for blacks on railroads. This accommodation led to blacks attempting to use the law to further their cause for fair treatment. Many lawsuits were filed against railroad companies for throwing out blacks who were holding first class tickets. "
Abstract This paper looks at the influences that the writer's upbringing has on the writing of the play. The writer, of American Chinese descent, examines the delicate relationship between a Black maid and her Chinese boss. The writer manages to stress the common traits in people of different cultures.
From the Paper "In this short play, Chinese-American author David Henry Hwang applies multi-cultural beliefs and observations to a simple setting, and in doing so ultimately brings forth a melding of worlds and dimensions. The title, ?As the Crow Flies,? indicates that a direct path is going to be used to arrive at a desired destination. Hwang uses humor as a tool to transcend the contrasting cultures and races, and to reveal universal similarities of people regardless of race or cultural stereotyping. His humor also keeps the audience completely unaware of all that is actually taking place in front of them until the final moment, and keeps them unprepared for the revelation of the inevitable destination symbolized by the crow."
Examines the history and evolution of the black codes (from the Civil War to the 1990s) designed to keep African-Americans second-class citizens after the emancipation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, 1999, $ 47.95
Abstract The Civil War ended slavery, but it did not give African-Americans equality. Southern whites, upon regaining power in the late 1870s and early 1880s, instituted black codes, also known as "Jim Crow" laws.
From the Paper "The Civil War ended slavery, but it did not give African-Americans equality. Southern whites, upon regaining power in the late 1870s and early 1880s, instituted black codes, also known as "Jim Crow" laws. Those statutes, coupled with racist terrorism and official indifference (if not hostility), relegated African-Americans to permanent second-class status for decades, until the U.S. Supreme Court began dismantling "Jim Crow" in the 1950s. This paper will analyze the impact and the legacy of Jim Crow laws, from their birth in the 19th century, their death in this century, and their lingering effect as the new millennium dawns.
After the Civil War, Congress passed (and the states ratified) three amendments to the U.S. Constitution: the thirteenth, which ended slavery; the fourteenth, which barred discrimination based on race; and the fifteenth, which ..."
Abstract This paper looks at two different autobiographies written by Sioux activist Mary Crow Dog and African-American writer Richard Wright. This paper shows the many similarities between the oppressive conditions endured by their people and the initiatives they used in the struggle for equality.
From the Paper "The histories of oppressed minorities in the United States have all begun very differently, but throughout the twentieth century they have developed as many similarities as differences. African Americans, for example, were brought to America against their will and forced into slavery where they were encouraged to increase in number because they were considered valuable 'property' essential to the economy of the Southern states. Native Americans, on the other hand, were forced off their own lands, robbed of their traditional means of survival, and systematically murdered any time they occupied lands the European Americans wanted."
Tags: african, american, indian, sioux, equality, racism, america
Abstract An analysis of the citizen status of African-Americans in the United States since Emancipation, including Reconstruction, the Jim Crow Era, the Civil Rights movement, the Black Power movement, and the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
From the Paper "The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in 1868, established United States citizenship for all African Americans. In reality, however, African Americans were given no benefits of United States citizenship for another 100 years. Despite advancements of black civil rights during Reconstruction and the Civil Rights movement, voting, employment, and education barriers for African Americans remained a constant racial inequality through the 1960?s. African Americans truly had rights as United States citizens when they received equal protection of the laws in the 1970?s. Not until the end of the Black Power movement in the 1970?s, when the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act began to have an impact, did African Americans truly gain full rights as citizens of the United States."
